Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
266 listings
  • New Listing
    • 36,042 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from SC to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Myrtle Beach, SC / 1,040 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AEXN9292201
    Stock: 27872329
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 44,454 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 803 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE5N9292915
    Stock: 27589679
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 87,312 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 231 miles away from Irving, TX

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Ke...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF2N9741119
    Stock: N9741119P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 65,523 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IN to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 779 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE7J9194232
    Stock: 27802036
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 50,408 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Madison, TN / 632 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2BE1N9292666
    Stock: 27439300
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 123,689 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Executive Auto Sales (7 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Arlington, TX / 7 miles away from Irving, TX

    Please call for an appointment. If you are interested in financing, you will need to meet with you in person. We never charge interest for auto loans....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF4J9660658
    Stock: 11500
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-21-2025

  • $49,797
    great price
    $4,746 below market
    • 8,943 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Springfield, VA / 1,179 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Low Mileage,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Chrome Wheels,Heated Seat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE2P9303629
    Stock: 24748P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 81,250 miles
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 874 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2ND6J9840299
    Stock: 2003901969
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

  • New Listing
    • 91,598 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 769 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE7J9191122
    Stock: 2004057042
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

    • 97,110 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Richard Karr Buick GMC (90 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Waco, TX / 90 miles away from Irving, TX

    Thank you for visiting another one of Richard Karr Motors's online listings! Please continue for more information on this 2018 INFINITI QX80 with 97,0...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF3J9662918
    Stock: 331868B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-14-2023

  • New Listing
    • 88,185 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 769 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE6J9195551
    Stock: 2004030203
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

  • New Listing
    • 144,330 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram North Fort Worth (23 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 23 miles away from Irving, TX

    Sun/MoonroofLeather SeatsNavigation System3rd Row SeatKeyless StartRear SpoilerGraphite;Hermosa BlueThis vehicle includes a Money-Back Guara...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF5F9574279
    Stock: F9574279
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-13-2025

    • 31,366 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Grand Prairie Ford (4 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 4 miles away from Irving, TX

    Recent Arrival!Clean CARFAX.2023 INFINITI QX80 Premium SelectWelcome to Grand Prairie Ford; we have over 1,000 New and Pre-Owned vehicles located on...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE3P9304790
    Stock: SLB13340A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $21,990
    fair price
    $50 above market
    • 97,925 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 187 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE0H9150051
    Stock: 2003935642
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-18-2025

    • 26,368 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MO to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 542 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE6P9306503
    Stock: 27722522
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 106,394 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Texas Best Pre-owned (36 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Terrell, TX / 36 miles away from Irving, TX

    WE FINANCE!! LOW Miles!! 100% Immac Condition!! Limited Package!! Fully Loaded!! NAV!! 4WD!! Sunroof!! WARRANTY INCLUDED!! One you need to see in p...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE6H9160700
    Stock: P2419
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-29-2025

    • 102,165 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Lewisville Mitsubishi (16 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lewisville, TX / 16 miles away from Irving, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE6H9150264
    Stock: 20548A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-31-2025

    • 67,613 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell INFINITI of Fort Worth (28 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 28 miles away from Irving, TX

    This Certified Select 2023 QX80 is Moonstone White with Saddle Brown interior. It is equipped with Dual screen rear entertainment, Blind spot warning,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2BFXP9755870
    Stock: 5375151A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $42,998
    fair price
    $1,479 above market
    • 45,978 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Augusta, GA / 859 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE6P9306260
    Stock: 27283260
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 53,659 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 231 miles away from Irving, TX

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Chrome Wheels,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2BF7P9756488
    Stock: P9756488A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 91,774 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Dallas (10 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 10 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NC5F9371253
    Stock: 2003565342
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

Showing 148 - 168 out of 266 listings

Consumer Reviews for the INFINITI QX80

Read recent reviews for the INFINITI QX80
Overall Consumer Rating
3.4 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (34%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (19%)
  • 2 star
    (25%)
  • 1 star
    (9%)
4 out of 5 stars

My 5th INFINITI

JTitan, 04/21/2020
2019 INFINITI QX80 LUXE 4dr SUV 4WD (5.6L 8cyl 7A)
This is my fifth INFINITI product, I had have many of their smaller cars and suvs in the past and was very happy. I decided to get something bigger for family use to travel comfortably. The ride quality and interior are excellent, safety systems work great! Reliability keeps me coming back to the brand as all of my INFINITI products have been flawless! This is a very comfortable long … distance cruiser, the rear seat entertainment is easy to use and the heated/cooled seats work quick. Leather quality is good and is resistant to discoloring (I have the wheat colored quilted leather). Overall the only knock is the technology is badly outdated but still does the basics. Gas mileage is predictable for a large naturally aspirated V8, the sound it makes is great and has strong, smooth acceleration! Overall I would buy again as this is an excellent luxury family do everything proper (truck based) suv!
Report abuse

Used 2022 INFINITI QX80 in Irving, TX Values

Estimated values
2022 INFINITI QX80 LUXE 4dr SUV 4WD (5.6L 8cyl 7A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$33,422$34,423$35,466
Clean$32,976$33,946$34,956
Average$32,234$33,151$34,106
Rough$31,269$32,118$33,002

The average list price of a used 2022 INFINITI QX80 in Irving, Texas is $33,870. The average mileage on a used INFINITI QX80 2022 for sale in Irving, Texas is 73,433. Based on the average mileage of 73,433 for used 2022 INFINITI QX80 for sale in Irving, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used INFINITI QX80 2022 in Irving, Texas to be $32,234.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.