Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
284 listings
  • New Listing
    • 43,323 miles
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MO to CT*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Saint Peters, MO / 966 miles away from Hartford, CT

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE0N9291235
    Stock: 27612608
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 46,105 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from LA to CT*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Kenner, LA / 1,272 miles away from Hartford, CT

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF7N9740970
    Stock: 27758884
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 116,947 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Payless Car Sales (125 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in South Amboy, NJ / 125 miles away from Hartford, CT

    All advertised prices exclude government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any dealer document preparation charge, and any emission testing charge....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE3J9194244
    Stock: 194244
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $48,990
    good price
    $1,646 below market
    • 23,094 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 719 miles away from Hartford, CT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AC1P9491526
    Stock: 2004081617
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-15-2025

  • $74,770
    good price
    $7,041 below market
    • 4,817 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • INFINITI of Nashua (90 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Nashua, NH / 90 miles away from Hartford, CT

    This 2025 INFINITI QX80 LUXE, has a Coulis Red exterior and an Graphite interior color. 4817 miles. Stock Number N5643SL. You can connect with...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ3BB6S9400318
    Stock: N5643SL
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 01-03-2025

  • $17,977
    fair price
    $1,070 above market
    • 100,325 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Capital Motor Group (71 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Medford, NY / 71 miles away from Hartford, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE8G9125414
    Stock: 10162
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $14,999
    fair price
    $502 above market
    • 108,438 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • World Star Auto Sales (96 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Woodside, NY / 96 miles away from Hartford, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE9G9127222
    Stock: 127222
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $74,998
    good price
    $3,915 below market
    • 5,415 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Herb Chambers INFINITI of Westborough (62 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Westborough, MA / 62 miles away from Hartford, CT

    INSPECTION COMPLETED Every Herb Chambers pre-owned vehicle receives a complete multi-point inspection by factory trained technicians who inspect the t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ3BB4S9401743
    Stock: H25029L
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 09-15-2025

  • $75,467
    good price
    $3,603 below market
    • 8,397 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • INFINITI of Nashua (90 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Nashua, NH / 90 miles away from Hartford, CT

    This 2025 INFINITI QX80 LUXE, has a Anthracite Gray exterior and an Sepia Brown interior color. 8,397 miles. Stock Number N6072A. You can conn...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ3BB7S9403387
    Stock: N6072A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 108,105 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Autosport USA (148 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Toms River, NJ / 148 miles away from Hartford, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NC8G9401511
    Stock: 401511
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $90,900
    good price
    $3,549 below market
    • 9,179 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Motorworld Pre-owned (168 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wilkes Barre, PA / 168 miles away from Hartford, CT

    Certified. Dynamic Metal/Black Obsidian 4WD 9-Speed Automatic 3.5L V6 DOHC 24V CARFAX ONE OWNER, Around View Monitor, Navigation system: Google Built-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ3CC1S9602717
    Stock: L20114A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    $79,992
    fair price
    $3,076 below market
    • 5,664 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 16 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Harte INFINITI (0 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hartford, CT / 0 miles away from Hartford, CT

    Recent Arrival! Dynamic Metal 2025 INFINITI QX80 SENSORY 3.5L V6 DOHC 24V 9-Speed Automatic 4WD** INVENTORY REDUCTION SALE-ENDS SOON **, INFINITI C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (16 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ3DE0S9700122
    Stock: IL21660
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 09-03-2025

  • New Listing
    • 53,659 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,522 miles away from Hartford, CT

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Chrome Wheels,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2BF7P9756488
    Stock: P9756488A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $15,995
    good price
    $1,705 below market
    • 101,805 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • 2 Manny's Auto Sales (101 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Union City, NJ / 101 miles away from Hartford, CT

    2 Mannys Auto Sales Eddy Brioso 1316 Kennedy Blvd Union City, NJ 0**** 2**-3**-0664 **SAFETY*** Right Side Camera;* Left Side Camera;* Front Camera;* ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE9H9159220
    Stock: 159220
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    $91,490
    good price
    $2,354 below market
    • 9,008 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats
    • Driveway (135 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Freehold, NJ / 135 miles away from Hartford, CT

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Brake Assist,Cooled Seats,Hands-Free Liftgate...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ3CC9S9602058
    Stock: T9107625A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $53,488
    fair price
    $831 below market
    • 13,521 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Fette INFINITI (101 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Clifton, NJ / 101 miles away from Hartford, CT

    **INFINITI CERTIFIED** **BACKUP CAMERA** **BLUETOOTH HANDSFREE** **INCLUDES WARRANTY** **ONE OWNER** **GOOD BRAKES** **GOOD TIRES** **FACTORY MAINTENA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AC1P9491431
    Stock: F2257
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-07-2024

  • Stock photo**
    $14,999
    good price
    $1,414 below market
    • 130,549 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Hartford Auto Center (2 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hartford, CT / 2 miles away from Hartford, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NC0H9431734
    Stock: 431734
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,757
    fair price
    $676 below market
    • 100,527 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Ramsey INFINITI (91 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 91 miles away from Hartford, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE5H9153771
    Stock: IU7472A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $47,905
    good price
    $2,283 below market
    • 17,146 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Colonial Nissan (167 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Feasterville Trevose, PA / 167 miles away from Hartford, CT

    Check out all these great options Cargo Package (Cargo Net, Carpeted Cargo Mat, Center Console Tray, Console Net, and First-Aid Kit), 13 Speakers, 2.9...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE9P9304096
    Stock: X78376A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    $15,490
    good price
    $1,335 below market
    • 111,519 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Prime Auto Imports (101 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bloomingdale, NJ / 101 miles away from Hartford, CT

    30-Day Powertrain Warranty on All Vehicles! At Prime Auto Imports, we are committed to providing a seamless and hassle-free car-buying experience. Our...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NC2H9432402
    Stock: 432402
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-25-2024

  • $37,999
    good price
    $1,879 below market
    • 54,319 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Clermont, FL / 1,047 miles away from Hartford, CT

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF0P9755989
    Stock: 8D0KLK
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-28-2025

Showing 169 - 189 out of 284 listings

Consumer Reviews for the INFINITI QX80

Read recent reviews for the INFINITI QX80
Overall Consumer Rating
3.4 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (34%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (19%)
  • 2 star
    (25%)
  • 1 star
    (9%)
4 out of 5 stars

My 5th INFINITI

JTitan, 04/21/2020
2019 INFINITI QX80 LUXE 4dr SUV 4WD (5.6L 8cyl 7A)
This is my fifth INFINITI product, I had have many of their smaller cars and suvs in the past and was very happy. I decided to get something bigger for family use to travel comfortably. The ride quality and interior are excellent, safety systems work great! Reliability keeps me coming back to the brand as all of my INFINITI products have been flawless! This is a very comfortable long … distance cruiser, the rear seat entertainment is easy to use and the heated/cooled seats work quick. Leather quality is good and is resistant to discoloring (I have the wheat colored quilted leather). Overall the only knock is the technology is badly outdated but still does the basics. Gas mileage is predictable for a large naturally aspirated V8, the sound it makes is great and has strong, smooth acceleration! Overall I would buy again as this is an excellent luxury family do everything proper (truck based) suv!
Report abuse

Used 2022 INFINITI QX80 in Hartford, CT Values

Estimated values
2022 INFINITI QX80 LUXE 4dr SUV 4WD (5.6L 8cyl 7A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$33,796$35,124$36,507
Clean$33,346$34,638$35,983
Average$32,596$33,827$35,108
Rough$31,620$32,773$33,970

The average list price of a used 2022 INFINITI QX80 in Hartford, Connecticut is $46,105. The average mileage on a used INFINITI QX80 2022 for sale in Hartford, Connecticut is 55,803. Based on the average mileage of 55,803 for used 2022 INFINITI QX80 for sale in Hartford, CT and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used INFINITI QX80 2022 in Hartford, Connecticut to be $32,596.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.