Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
110 listings
  • Price Drop
    • 30,183 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Heated Seats
    • Backup Camera
    • Blind-Spot Warning
    • Keyless Entry
    • Smart Cruise Control
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,974 miles away from Washington, DC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SC3NU119184
    Stock: 2004008793
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-04-2025

    • 30,804 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to DC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hoover, AL / 667 miles away from Washington, DC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SC6NU093938
    Stock: 27757917
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 31,965 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to DC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Knoxville, TN / 442 miles away from Washington, DC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SCXNU137911
    Stock: 27872319
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $32,495
    great price
    $6,317 below market
    • 30,950 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • US Auto Sales (36 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Baltimore, MD / 36 miles away from Washington, DC

    2023 GENESIS G80 AWD. Full Loaded Low Miles 30k. 1 owner with clean CARFAX. Finance Available.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SC9PU195768
    Stock: 195768
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

  • New Listing
    • 48,453 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 23 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to DC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Hoover, AL / 667 miles away from Washington, DC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SCXNU104116
    Stock: 27656929
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 33,705 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Premier Auto Imports - Waldorf Lot (19 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Waldorf, MD / 19 miles away from Washington, DC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHGN4JE9JU250683
    Stock: 250683
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-13-2023

  • New Listing
    • 63,442 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,974 miles away from Washington, DC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHGN4JE2JU238682
    Stock: 2004039959
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $19,998
    fair price
    $946 above market
    • 84,755 miles
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to DC*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Roseville, CA / 2,356 miles away from Washington, DC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHGN4JE9JU262283
    Stock: 27317739
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 76,981 miles
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 818 miles away from Washington, DC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHGN4JE4JU281534
    Stock: 2004076731
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-15-2025

    • 59,471 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 818 miles away from Washington, DC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHGN4JE9JU269847
    Stock: 2004044915
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $46,998
    good price
    $3,408 below market
    • 17,820 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 16 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AZ to DC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Scottsdale, AZ / 1,964 miles away from Washington, DC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SD4PU164727
    Stock: 27711103
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $28,999
    good price
    $3,551 below market
    • 49,885 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Henderson, NV / 2,078 miles away from Washington, DC

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SC4PU197413
    Stock: 7WW802
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-08-2025

  • $32,098
    good price
    $1,772 below market
    • 44,316 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 538 miles away from Washington, DC

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SC9PU195575
    Stock: 8F53JR
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-04-2025

  • $30,406
    good price
    $2,682 below market
    • 47,524 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Cape Coral, FL / 892 miles away from Washington, DC

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SC1PU197577
    Stock: 7WML1T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $33,998
    good price
    $2,500 below market
    • 35,065 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NE to DC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Omaha, NE / 1,024 miles away from Washington, DC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SC2PU195143
    Stock: 27786942
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $15,995
    fair price
    $300 above market
    • 96,327 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 16 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Arlington Motors of Woodbridge (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 24 miles away from Washington, DC

    **(Facebook) All Prices indicate estimated entry for down payment** Visit Arlington Motors online at www.arlingtonmotorsva.com ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHGN4JE4HU166684
    Stock: W10140
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 48,049 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to DC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in College Station, TX / 1,231 miles away from Washington, DC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SC5PU194939
    Stock: 27829045
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $40,998
    fair price
    $1,343 above market
    • 16,524 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to DC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 619 miles away from Washington, DC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SC8PU179125
    Stock: 27176993
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $36,900
    fair price
    $429 above market
    • 28,472 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Lindsay Ford of Wheaton (10 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wheaton, MD / 10 miles away from Washington, DC

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. 22/30 City/Highway MPG DONT DELAY! CALL NOW OR JUST COME ON IN! YOU WONT WANT TO MISS OUT ON THIS AMAZING DEAL!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMTGB4SC3PU150325
    Stock: FPA10721
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-05-2025

  • $23,590
    fair price
    $569 above market
    • 40,481 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 16 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 305 miles away from Washington, DC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHGN4JE1HU200712
    Stock: 2004076522
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $17,900
    fair price
    $139 above market
    • 74,386 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 16 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Bob Bell Chevrolet (39 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Baltimore, MD / 39 miles away from Washington, DC

    Here at " BOB BELL" we strive to make every customer COMPLETELY SATISFIED . We have a large selection of Pre Owned inventory that we use real time int...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMHGN4JE7HU166890
    Stock: C250734B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-21-2025

Showing 64 - 84 out of 110 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Genesis G80

Read recent reviews for the Genesis G80
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars30 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 30 reviews
  • 5 star
    (70%)
  • 4 star
    (17%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (10%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
2 out of 5 stars

From Cadillac to Genesis

Midwest Driver, 01/29/2019
2019 Genesis G80 3.8 4dr Sedan AWD (3.8L 6cyl 8A)
My original review of my Genesis G80 was 5 stars. I traded in a Cadillac. I updated my review, after owning it for 3 years and selling it. I traded it in for a GM car. I only had 6,000 miles on it so why would I get rid of it? It comes down to issues I had, and the lack of response Genesis had to what can only be described as either poor technology choices and lack of concern about … the impact on Customers. I bought this car new in January 2019 and by that summer was having issues with Sirius/XM and the head unit. I wasn't alone as comments on the Genesis Owners Forum demonstrate. Genesis was of zero help. The head unit would freeze up and they acted as if it was strictly a Sirius/XM problem. I also often had issues when using Apple CarPlay. The latest issue was with Genesis Connected Services which I view as their version of OnStar. I have OnStar in my other vehicles and want Connected Service for the same reasons, crash support, stolen vehicle assistance, etc. Well, after renewing Connected Services for another year, I got a brief email from Genesis telling me that after December 2022, Connected Services will no longer work. This is apparently because my 2019 G80 has a 3G modem and there is no way to upgrade it. My 2018 GMC Sierra doesn't have that problem because GM has been preparing for the 3G issue since 2016. The other insult to injury is that not all 2019 G80's were affected because some have 4G modems. It's the price I paid for buying it in January. So, the buttons on the mirror will look nice but provide no function. There are several other reasons I dumped the G80 and moved back to GM, but I will never buy another Genesis. For this, my second update, I'm still happy with my Denali because everything works as it should, including self-parking. Will never look at another Genesis.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Genesis G80 in Washington, DC Values

Estimated values
2022 Genesis G80 2.5T 4dr Sedan AWD w/Prod. End 02/22 (2.5L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$28,762$29,823$30,931
Clean$28,281$29,291$30,344
Average$27,479$28,403$29,365
Rough$26,436$27,249$28,092

The average list price of a used 2022 Genesis G80 in Washington, District of Columbia is $30,244. The average mileage on a used Genesis G80 2022 for sale in Washington, District of Columbia is 47,122. Based on the average mileage of 47,122 for used 2022 Genesis G80 for sale in Washington, DC and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Genesis G80 2022 in Washington, District of Columbia to be $27,479.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.