Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
334 listings
  • $27,999
    good price
    $1,347 below market
    • 120,017 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Zara Motors (364 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 364 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    FINANCING AVAILABLE CALL FOR MORE INFO 7**.9**.7***

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ8LR115960
    Stock: 786242
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-06-2025

  • New Listing
    $43,999
    fair price
    $1,005 below market
    • 25,102 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Redwood City, CA / 739 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ8LR170962
    Stock: 7SDM6H
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-02-2025

  • $66,495
    fair price
    $607 below market
    • 20,158 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Thorson Motor Center (437 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pasadena, CA / 437 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    This 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Luxury, has a Crystal White Tricoat exterior color and a Parchment with Jet Black accents interior colo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL9NR315702
    Stock: 56296A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2025

    • 46,499 miles
    • Lemon reported, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Culver City Chevrolet (451 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Culver City, CA / 451 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL0NR310705
    Stock: PL50015
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-06-2025

  • $38,991
    fair price
    $1,561 below market
    • 79,347 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Penske Cadillac South Bay (447 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Torrance, CA / 447 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Black Raven 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV Platinum Edition 4WD 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 6.2L V8 4WD. Recent Arrival! Some of our used vehicles m...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ1LR238349
    Stock: T4942
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-19-2025

  • $53,990
    fair price
    $6 above market
    • 84,511 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Phoenix (114 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 114 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL0NR194896
    Stock: 2003979995
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-19-2025

  • $23,995
    fair price
    $83 below market
    • 124,291 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, taxi vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Ariana Motors Nellis (363 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 363 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ9JR142178
    Stock: N4795
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 34,830 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Carlsbad (380 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Carlsbad, CA / 380 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Super CruiseBrandy With Very Dark Atmosphere Accents; Full Leather Seats With Faceted QuiltingCrystal White TricoatPanoramic RoofLeather SeatsNav...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL4NR152182
    Stock: NR152182
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-06-2025

  • $73,404
    fair price
    $1,282 above market
    • 39,420 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Permian Chevrolet GMC (453 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Hobbs, NM / 453 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    *Here at Permian GM every single Pre-Owned vehicle goes through a rigorous inspection by one of our Certified Technicians. Any recommended service is ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL6NR145372
    Stock: P25195
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

  • $65,499
    fair price
    $1,503 above market
    • 75,903 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Globul Cars (365 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 365 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    ?? EXTENDED WARRANTIES AVAILABLE ON ALL UNITS!?? ALL FINANCING OPTIONS AVAILABLE!?? ALL CREDIT TYPES APPROVED -NO CREDIT, BAD CREDIT, NO DRIVER'S LICE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL1NR125143
    Stock: 125143
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $42,995
    fair price
    $1,161 above market
    • 53,719 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • California Car Company (423 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Brea, CA / 423 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ7LR218531
    Stock: 218531
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-04-2025

  • Price Drop
    $35,345
    fair price
    $687 above market
    • 82,601 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Redondo Mitsubishi (449 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Redondo Beach, CA / 449 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    **FRESH OIL CHANGE**, 4WD.Black Raven 4WD Odometer is 17839 miles below market average! 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 6.2L Variable Valve Timing V...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ1JR314486
    Stock: P1365
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

  • New Listing
    $32,995
    fair price
    $487 below market
    • 98,825 miles
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 1,670 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Entertainment System,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ1LR105125
    Stock: LR105125T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    • 44,131 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • California Motors Direct Montclair (414 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Montclair, CA / 414 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4MKL8NR329425
    Stock: NR329425
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-15-2025

  • New Listing
    $47,998
    fair price
    $1,278 above market
    • 39,660 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NY to AZ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Smithtown, NY / 2,159 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ4LR193636
    Stock: 27572868
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 87,822 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 1,911 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ6LR160640
    Stock: 2003855730
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 46,349 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Tucson (7 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 7 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ0JR317735
    Stock: 27620413
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 70,196 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Phoenix (114 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 114 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ7JR147070
    Stock: 2004029316
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-28-2025

  • $39,920
    fair price
    $67 above market
    • 55,067 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Chevrolet of Carson (440 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Carson, CA / 440 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury RWD 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 6.2L V8 Escalade ESV Luxury, 6.2L V8, 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive, RWD, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ8LR197739
    Stock: PC5841
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-04-2025

  • New Listing
    • 100,160 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Las Vegas (365 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 365 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ0JR373032
    Stock: 2004002727
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-13-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 56,886 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Land Rover San Diego (366 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Diego, CA / 366 miles away from Tucson, AZ

    Clean CARFAX. Go Secured in your next pre-owned vehicle purchase with a limited powertrain warranty and 72 hour return policy included. Vehicles with ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL0NR360429
    Stock: NR360429
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

Showing 43 - 63 out of 334 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV
Overall Consumer Rating
3.2 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (41%)
  • 4 star
    (9%)
  • 3 star
    (13%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (34%)
5 out of 5 stars

My dream vehicle!

Cindy W., 01/28/2020
2018 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Luxury 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A)
If you're looking for a great ride, a ton of bells and whistles and a stylish vehicle, you're going to love owning an Escalade. This SUV has everything, hiding spots for your belongings, USB ports everywhere, 120v plugin, a ton of Bose speakers and so much more. The camera system is amazing! When I flip up my rear view mirror I see traffic behind me. When I pull into my garage I … still get the 360 view to make sure that I'm over enough and in far enough. My only issue, and this is a me issue is that this is sooo much bigger than the Tahoe I came from. This one is a beast ;o) so I'm having problems pulling into parking spots still, but with time, I'm sure that I'll nail it.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Tucson, AZ Values

Estimated values
2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$31,048$34,947$38,696
Clean$30,483$34,308$37,984
Average$29,542$33,242$36,797
Rough$28,318$31,856$35,254

The average list price of a used 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Tucson, Arizona is $48,027. The average mileage on a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2020 for sale in Tucson, Arizona is 65,976. Based on the average mileage of 65,976 for used 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV for sale in Tucson, AZ and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2020 in Tucson, Arizona to be $29,542.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.