Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
234 listings
  • New Listing
    • 52,947 miles
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to PA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 169 miles away from Reading, PA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ1LR223494
    Stock: 27274017
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 85,429 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 544 miles away from Reading, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ0LR187123
    Stock: 2003760068
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • $52,692
    great price
    $6,425 below market
    • 75,297 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 869 miles away from Reading, PA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Entertainment System,Hands-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4LKL8MR108626
    Stock: MR108626
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $27,995
    great price
    $3,815 below market
    • 110,741 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Price Wise Auto Sale (88 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Linden, NJ / 88 miles away from Reading, PA

    Welcome to Price Wise Auto, where we're committed to making car ownership accessible for everyone. Whether you have excellent credit, poor credit, no ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ8KR273625
    Stock: KR273625
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 30,987 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • J&S Autohaus (61 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ewing, NJ / 61 miles away from Reading, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4MKL1MR467421
    Stock: SX17524
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    $62,994
    great price
    $5,075 below market
    • 49,573 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Lincoln of Wayne (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wayne, NJ / 95 miles away from Reading, PA

    Dark Moon Blue Metallic 2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV PremiumCERTIFIED 1-OWNER CARFAX,Its a Cadaillac, luxury ready to take on the road. Fit the entire f...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL4PR216000
    Stock: 83878A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-13-2025

  • New Listing
    • 55,050 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Jack Giambalvo Buick GMC (50 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in York, PA / 50 miles away from Reading, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ4LR225338
    Stock: 742625A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-05-2024

  • New Listing
    $57,990
    good price
    $3,489 below market
    • 75,123 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, MO / 994 miles away from Reading, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4LKL7MR329523
    Stock: 2003658220
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • $64,895
    great price
    $4,017 below market
    • 58,963 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Coleman Cadillac (64 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Lawrenceville, NJ / 64 miles away from Reading, PA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!Crystal White Tricoat 2021 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport Platinum 4WD 6.2L V8 10-Speed Automatic ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL5MR416730
    Stock: C25078B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 103,318 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,266 miles away from Reading, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3GKJXKR253186
    Stock: 2003643469
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • $23,999
    good price
    $2,815 below market
    • 113,878 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • G Motors Waterford (76 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Vineland, NJ / 76 miles away from Reading, PA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ4KR139657
    Stock: VNEKR139657
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $78,790
    good price
    $5,745 below market
    • 55,506 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Holman Cadillac (59 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Mount Laurel, NJ / 59 miles away from Reading, PA

    CARFAX One-Owner. AWD.Holman Cadillac is very proud to offer this charming 2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV. Sport Platinum AWDPrice excludes licensing...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKLXPR132966
    Stock: PR132966
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $60,995
    good price
    $5,247 below market
    • 50,523 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Washington, MI / 405 miles away from Reading, PA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4NKL9MR351096
    Stock: PMR351096S
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $58,990
    fair price
    $2,939 below market
    • 70,881 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 764 miles away from Reading, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3PKLXMR229362
    Stock: 2003798794
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

  • New Listing
    $27,590
    fair price
    $1,454 below market
    • 104,701 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,407 miles away from Reading, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3GKJ6KR236031
    Stock: 2003607499
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • $62,995
    fair price
    $1,488 below market
    • 53,180 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Brogan Cadillac (96 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Totowa, NJ / 96 miles away from Reading, PA

    Introducing the 2021 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Luxury, a distinguished SUV that perfectly blends sophistication and power. This stunning vehicle f...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL2MR459204
    Stock: UC4817
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-06-2025

  • New Listing
    $44,990
    fair price
    $25 below market
    • 59,574 miles
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,407 miles away from Reading, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ8KR115033
    Stock: 2003657414
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 55,518 miles
    • No accidents, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Bergey's Cadillac (36 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Plymouth Meeting, PA / 36 miles away from Reading, PA

    Certified. Cadillac Details: * Limited Warranty: 12 Month/Unlimited Mile (whichever comes first) after new car warranty expires or from certified purc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL0MR112334
    Stock: ECU2634
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $62,000
    fair price
    $1,185 below market
    • 70,939 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Ford Baltimore (85 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Baltimore, MD / 85 miles away from Reading, PA

    The 2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium 4WD with a 6.2L V8 engine combines luxury, power, and versatility. Powered by a 6.2-liter V8 delivering 420 hor...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKLXPR317767
    Stock: 0PR73119
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

  • New Listing
    $34,590
    fair price
    $595 below market
    • 89,899 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Billings, MT / 1,679 miles away from Reading, PA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Entertainment System,Hands-Free Liftgate...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ4KR205497
    Stock: 53733BM
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $39,590
    fair price
    $893 below market
    • 77,397 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 845 miles away from Reading, PA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJXKR377460
    Stock: 2003699600
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

Showing 43 - 63 out of 234 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV
Overall Consumer Rating
3.2 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (41%)
  • 4 star
    (9%)
  • 3 star
    (13%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (34%)
5 out of 5 stars

My dream vehicle!

Cindy W., 01/28/2020
2018 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Luxury 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A)
If you're looking for a great ride, a ton of bells and whistles and a stylish vehicle, you're going to love owning an Escalade. This SUV has everything, hiding spots for your belongings, USB ports everywhere, 120v plugin, a ton of Bose speakers and so much more. The camera system is amazing! When I flip up my rear view mirror I see traffic behind me. When I pull into my garage I … still get the 360 view to make sure that I'm over enough and in far enough. My only issue, and this is a me issue is that this is sooo much bigger than the Tahoe I came from. This one is a beast ;o) so I'm having problems pulling into parking spots still, but with time, I'm sure that I'll nail it.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Reading, PA Values

Estimated values
2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV Platinum 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$34,623$38,788$42,792
Clean$33,993$38,078$42,005
Average$32,943$36,895$40,692
Rough$31,577$35,357$38,986

The average list price of a used 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Reading, Pennsylvania is $50,958. The average mileage on a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2020 for sale in Reading, Pennsylvania is 71,401. Based on the average mileage of 71,401 for used 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV for sale in Reading, PA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2020 in Reading, Pennsylvania to be $32,943.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.