Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
897 listings
  • $33,888
    great price
    $3,858 below market
    • 84,126 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carget Motors (438 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 438 miles away from Charleston, SC

    The 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV 4WD Luxury is the epitome of upscale design, powerful performance, and expansive versatility. Wrapped in a pristine Whi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ4LR278914
    Stock: 278914
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $36,998
    great price
    $5,017 below market
    • 67,759 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Florida Fine Cars Orlando (303 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 303 miles away from Charleston, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ9LR295084
    Stock: 148186
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    $34,686
    great price
    $4,458 below market
    • 75,217 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Bomnin Chevrolet Dadeland (483 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Miami, FL / 483 miles away from Charleston, SC

    CARFAX One-Owner. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Odometer is 21480 miles below market average! 4WD. Black Raven 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxu...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ5LR277089
    Stock: R238146A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $45,995
    fair price
    $2,738 below market
    • 48,755 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Mercedes-Benz of Pembroke Pines (462 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pembroke Pines, FL / 462 miles away from Charleston, SC

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: new battery! Lpo; 22" (55.9 Cm) 6-Spoke Alloy Wheels With High-Gloss Black FinishCrys...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ4LR176168
    Stock: LR176168
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-10-2025

  • $32,995
    good price
    $2,468 below market
    • 91,428 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Global Auto Outlet (457 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Temple Hills, MD / 457 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Estimated monthly payment and estimated total purchase price include the Maryland processing fee of $800 (not required by law). Taxes and additional f...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ2LR219783
    Stock: 219783
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    $34,000
    good price
    $1,796 below market
    • 95,241 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Lee Auto Group Tampa (360 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 360 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Our 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV Platinum offers a stunning combination of comfort and capability in Crystal White Tricoat! Powered by a 6.2 Liter V8 th...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3KKJ1LR108137
    Stock: T2892
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-22-2025

  • $24,050
    fair price
    $507 below market
    • 146,810 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, taxi vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Cartown (443 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 443 miles away from Charleston, SC

    All our Vehicles goes through VA safety inspection before listing for sales. Fresh oil change and filter (Mobil 1) and all fluids have either been cha...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ5LR169426
    Stock: cti1817
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $36,995
    fair price
    $612 below market
    • 84,024 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Auto Trademark (445 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 445 miles away from Charleston, SC

    2020 CADILLAC ESCALADE ESV 4WD LUXURY EDITIONCall 703-361-6882, Well Maintained, ESV Luxury Edition 4WD, Driver Assist & Awareness Pkg, Loaded With Re...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ4LR226182
    Stock: AT17626
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $41,888
    good price
    $1,830 below market
    • 63,858 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Gulf Coast Auto Brokers of Sarasota (403 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sarasota, FL / 403 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Thank you for your interest in one of Gulf Coast Auto Brokers Inc's online offerings. Please continue for more information regarding this 2020 Cadilla...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ6LR223565
    Stock: LR223565
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

  • $37,495
    fair price
    $686 below market
    • 70,745 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, taxi vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Imperial Highline (445 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 445 miles away from Charleston, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ7LR302526
    Stock: 02526
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-08-2024

  • New Listing
    $49,850
    fair price
    $2,308 above market
    • 39,747 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Miami Lakes Automall (467 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Miami Lakes, FL / 467 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! POWER SEATS, BACKUP CAMERA, BLUETOOTH, MANAGER'S SPECIAL!, GREAT ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3KKJ1LR123530
    Stock: C5S173380A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    $43,488
    fair price
    $548 above market
    • 61,980 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Johnson Lexus of Raleigh (233 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 233 miles away from Charleston, SC

    JUST ARRIVED!! DETAILS AND PICTURES COMING SOON!The 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium with 61,977 miles is the ultimate full-size luxury SUV. Equip...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJXLR234293
    Stock: 54558A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • $33,595
    fair price
    $1,993 above market
    • 114,812 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Luxury Cars of Lexington (114 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lexington, SC / 114 miles away from Charleston, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3KKJ4LR119570
    Stock: 68245
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 33,101 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Imports Unlimited of Naples (465 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Naples, FL / 465 miles away from Charleston, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJXLR255926
    Stock: CC989NA1
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-06-2024

  • Stock photo**
    $39,978
    fair price
    $296 above market
    • 84,541 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Hilton Head Cadillac (60 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bluffton, SC / 60 miles away from Charleston, SC

    2020 Escalade ESV Premium LOCAL TRADE IN, ONE OWNER, Power Assist Steps, Escalade ESV Premium, 4D Sport Utility, 6.2L V8, 10-Speed Automatic with Over...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ9LR211409
    Stock: LR211409
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

    • 101,045 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Merlex Auto Group (457 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Arlington, VA / 457 miles away from Charleston, SC

    This vehicle is subject to prior sale. The pricing, equipment, specifications, and photos presented are believed to be accurate, but are provided \\AS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ8LR191498
    Stock: 191498
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-13-2024

  • $48,900
    fair price
    $1,409 above market
    • 37,392 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Suttle Buick GMC (364 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Newport News, VA / 364 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Recent Arrival! 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury Crystal White Tricoat LEATHER, NAVIGATION / GPS, REAR ENTERTAINMENT, GM 172 POINT INSPECTION, PANORA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ0LR150928
    Stock: 450101
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

    • 46,359 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Tampa (359 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 359 miles away from Charleston, SC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ2LR278863
    Stock: 2003611578
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-01-2025

  • $70,995
    great price
    $6,858 below market
    • 16,701 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Hilton Head Cadillac (60 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bluffton, SC / 60 miles away from Charleston, SC

    2021 Escalade ESV Sport Certified. 3RD ROW SEATING, 4X4 FOUR WHEEL DRIVE AWD ALL WHEEL DRIVE, Escalade ESV Sport, 6.2L V8, 10-Speed Automatic with Ove...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4PKL2MR284093
    Stock: MR284093
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 01-01-2025

    • 49,647 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • CarMax Lexington (446 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lexington, KY / 446 miles away from Charleston, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ5LR305795
    Stock: 27110677
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $58,987
    great price
    $11,074 below market
    • 56,987 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Mercedes-Benz of Fort Lauderdale (455 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Lauderdale, FL / 455 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Night VisionAssist Steps; Power-Retractable With Perimeter LightingCrystal White TricoatConsole RefrigeratorPanoramic RoofLeather SeatsNavigatio...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3RKL6MR202137
    Stock: MR202137
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-30-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 897 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV
Overall Consumer Rating
3.2 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (41%)
  • 4 star
    (9%)
  • 3 star
    (13%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (34%)
5 out of 5 stars

My dream vehicle!

Cindy W., 01/28/2020
2018 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Luxury 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A)
If you're looking for a great ride, a ton of bells and whistles and a stylish vehicle, you're going to love owning an Escalade. This SUV has everything, hiding spots for your belongings, USB ports everywhere, 120v plugin, a ton of Bose speakers and so much more. The camera system is amazing! When I flip up my rear view mirror I see traffic behind me. When I pull into my garage I … still get the 360 view to make sure that I'm over enough and in far enough. My only issue, and this is a me issue is that this is sooo much bigger than the Tahoe I came from. This one is a beast ;o) so I'm having problems pulling into parking spots still, but with time, I'm sure that I'll nail it.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Charleston, SC Values

Estimated values
2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$32,520$36,881$41,075
Clean$31,928$36,206$40,319
Average$30,941$35,081$39,059
Rough$29,659$33,619$37,421

The average list price of a used 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Charleston, South Carolina is $42,398. The average mileage on a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2020 for sale in Charleston, South Carolina is 70,013. Based on the average mileage of 70,013 for used 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV for sale in Charleston, SC and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2020 in Charleston, South Carolina to be $30,941.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.