Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,039 listings
  • $16,495
    good price
    $1,377 below market
    • 105,770 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Oasis Auto Sales (164 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Palatka, FL / 164 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Check out this 2017! Packed with features and truly a pleasure to drive! INFINITI prioritized handling and performance with features such as: a power ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2ND1H9830435
    Stock: 8642
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $12,995
    fair price
    $765 below market
    • 157,959 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Autoworld of Georgia (232 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Cumming, GA / 232 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Vehicle Overview CLEAN CARFAX! NAVIGATION! BACK-UP CAMERA! DVD REAR ENTERTAINMENT SYSTEM! BLIND SPOT MONITOR! LANE DEPARTURE WARNING AND PREVENTION! S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF7H9640737
    Stock: H9640737
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • $18,999
    fair price
    $808 below market
    • 132,602 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Lewis Automotive (369 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Huntsville, AL / 369 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Lewis Automotive Please Call Sales! 2903 Bob Wallace Ave SW Huntsville, AL 35805 2**-4**-2*** Get ready to hit the road in style with this sleek and p...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2ND0H9830314
    Stock: 6006
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • Selling or trading in?

    Know what your car is worth while you shop for your next vehicle.

    See my car’s value
    • 94,443 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 852 miles away from Savannah, GA

    3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Premium Sound,Remo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2ND9H9830022
    Stock: H9830022P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $18,300
    good price
    $1,358 below market
    • 87,934 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Velocity Auto Motors (235 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Alpharetta, GA / 235 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF7H9647395
    Stock: 3947
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $22,500
    fair price
    $154 below market
    • 87,564 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Absolute Auto Center (403 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Murfreesboro, TN / 403 miles away from Savannah, GA

    KBB.com 5-Year Cost to Own Awards. Boasts 19 Highway MPG and 13 City MPG! This INFINITI QX80 boasts a Premium Unleaded V-8 5.6 L/339 engine powering t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE6H9159692
    Stock: 159692
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-22-2024

  • Price Drop
    $17,261
    fair price
    $315 below market
    • 134,045 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Cannon Nissan of Moss Point (452 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Moss Point, MS / 452 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE4H9157911
    Stock: NMP10643A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    $29,000
    good price
    $1,143 below market
    • 84,569 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Dutch Miller Subaru (442 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charleston, WV / 442 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Vehicle DetailsDiscover luxury and performance with the 2021 INFINITI QX80 Luxe, now available at an exceptional value. This sophisticated SUV is desi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE6M9270002
    Stock: S25137A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-04-2025

  • $42,146
    good price
    $1,592 below market
    • 62,501 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • INFINITI of Tampa (290 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 290 miles away from Savannah, GA

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2BC1M9476146
    Stock: 476146
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $16,900
    fair price
    $544 below market
    • 135,334 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Victor's Auto Sales (213 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Greenville, SC / 213 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE6H9152497
    Stock: 152497
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-17-2025

  • New Listing
    $52,979
    good price
    $1,346 below market
    • 24,260 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Franklin Nissan (426 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbia, KY / 426 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Fully Detailed, Nitrogen Filled tires. Odometer is 1751 miles below market average! Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Clean CARFAX. Black Obsidian...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2BE2P9304276
    Stock: P9304276
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-13-2024

  • $15,995
    fair price
    $397 below market
    • 127,321 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 8 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Erbi Motors (121 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 121 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2ND5H9830230
    Stock: 830230
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $39,990
    fair price
    $714 below market
    • 52,161 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • McDonough Nissan (205 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in McDonough, GA / 205 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Navigation, Leather, Bluetooth, Backup Camera, Sunroof, Safety Inspected, Fully detailed, 2.937 Axle Ratio, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, Air Condi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE8P9303313
    Stock: PN7630
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-07-2025

  • New Listing
    $51,990
    fair price
    $1,124 below market
    • 5,589 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Doral Lincoln (432 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Doral, FL / 432 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Recent Arrival! Odometer is 15412 miles below market average! Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! CARFAX One-Owner. Leather, Rear Backup Camera, Blu...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AC1P9491428
    Stock: P9491428A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-08-2025

  • $16,850
    fair price
    $746 below market
    • 105,988 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Velocity Auto Motors (235 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Alpharetta, GA / 235 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF3H9643862
    Stock: 4095
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $17,995
    fair price
    $468 above market
    • 112,471 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Unicar Enterprise (140 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lexington, SC / 140 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Experience unmatched luxury and commanding performance with this 2017 Infiniti QX80! This full-size SUV makes a bold statement with its sleek, muscula...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE0H9152379
    Stock: 152379
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $18,795
    fair price
    $461 above market
    • 108,543 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Erbi Motors (121 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 121 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF7H9645372
    Stock: 645372
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

  • $26,996
    fair price
    $62 below market
    • 111,936 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Serra Trussville Kia (340 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 340 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Black Obsidian 2021 INFINITI QX80 LUXE 4WD 7-Speed Automatic 5.6L V8 2021 INFINITI QX80, ***Key Features***, Local Trade, Qualifies for lifetime power...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE8M9270390
    Stock: P270390
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-06-2025

  • Price Drop
    $52,420
    fair price
    $868 above market
    • 13,522 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Harper INFINITI (321 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Knoxville, TN / 321 miles away from Savannah, GA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Cargo Net, Cargo Package, Carpeted Cargo Mat, Center Console Tray, Console Net, First-Aid Kit, Navigation system: INFI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AF4P9756126
    Stock: 63218
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • New Listing
    $54,995
    fair price
    $633 above market
    • 13,656 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Hyman Bros INFINITI of Richmond (429 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Midlothian, VA / 429 miles away from Savannah, GA

    ~ONE OWNER~ CLEAN CARFAX~ MSRP $83,100~ CENTER BUCKET SEATS~ ONLY 13,000 MILES~

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2AE4P9306595
    Stock: P30635
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 02-12-2025

  • $14,643
    fair price
    $63 above market
    • 176,462 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Gilbert and Baugh Ford (338 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Albertville, AL / 338 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF3H9641853
    Stock: 24164A1D
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

Showing 358 - 378 out of 1,039 listings

Consumer Reviews for the INFINITI QX80

Read recent reviews for the INFINITI QX80
Overall Consumer Rating
3.6 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (38%)
  • 4 star
    (19%)
  • 3 star
    (19%)
  • 2 star
    (19%)
  • 1 star
    (6%)
5 out of 5 stars

Love MY QX80

Walter from Stockbridge, 11/01/2018
2017 INFINITI QX80 Signature 4dr SUV 4WD (5.6L 8cyl 7A)
Owned my QX80 Signature Series for over a year, and still love it. It handles excellent on dry roads, and in the rain, and high winds. It has the comfort that is needed for trips. It has the power to continue to perform when loaded with passengers. And a cargo trailer.
Report abuse

Used 2017 INFINITI QX80 in Savannah, GA Values

Estimated values
2017 INFINITI QX80 4dr SUV (5.6L 8cyl 7A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$14,926$16,325$17,403
Clean$14,509$15,847$16,870
Average$13,813$15,050$15,983
Rough$12,908$14,014$14,830

The average list price of a used 2017 INFINITI QX80 in Savannah, Georgia is $27,412. The average mileage on a used INFINITI QX80 2017 for sale in Savannah, Georgia is 92,125. Based on the average mileage of 92,125 for used 2017 INFINITI QX80 for sale in Savannah, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used INFINITI QX80 2017 in Savannah, Georgia to be $13,813.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.