Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
328 listings
  • Price Drop
    $23,397
    fair price
    $121 above market
    • 53,146 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Kunes Chevrolet GMC of Lake Geneva (142 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lake Geneva, WI / 142 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M37LF104686
    Stock: 30T1528A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-11-2025

  • New Listing
    $19,000
    fair price
    $329 below market
    • 101,511 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Barrington (136 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Barrington, IL / 136 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Majestic White 2020 INFINITI QX50 ESSENTIALUnlock your Motor Werks Perks to enjoy exclusive privileges, including access to our in-store Starbucks, Wa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M34LF120344
    Stock: M457276LA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-15-2025

  • New Listing
    $21,500
    fair price
    $407 below market
    • 77,780 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Anderson Toyota (173 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Loves Park, IL / 173 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M3XLF116878
    Stock: 11312A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-03-2025

    • 9,574 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Motor Werks Barrington Automall (136 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Barrington, IL / 136 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Limited 6 month or 6000 mile Warranty!!, Local Trade, Just Serviced, Backup Camera, Leather Seats, Keyless Start, Sunroof/Moonroof, LANE DEPARTURE WAR...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M37LF106390
    Stock: M4481
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-14-2025

  • New Listing
    $22,998
    fair price
    $425 above market
    • 53,649 miles
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MI*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Fresno, CA / 1,845 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M12LF117019
    Stock: 27007179
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $26,844
    fair price
    $14 below market
    • 39,191 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Ed Martin Toyota (199 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Noblesville, IN / 199 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    QX50 LUXE, 4D Sport Utility, I4, CVT, AWD, Slate Gray, Graphite Leather.22/28 City/Highway MPGFor sale at Ed Martin Toyota in Noblesville, IN dont mis...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5BB3NF121143
    Stock: 621283A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 21,781 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to MI*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Boynton Beach, FL / 1,171 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M18LF101567
    Stock: 27662899
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 24,116 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 556 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M33LF118438
    Stock: 2003958978
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 20,783 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Chicago (148 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 148 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5BB1NF110691
    Stock: 2003961353
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

    • 28,888 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from PA to MI*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Langhorne, PA / 587 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M33LF109223
    Stock: 27362112
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 96,230 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Rockwall, TX / 901 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    High Demand,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heads-Up Display,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyle...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M17LF107277
    Stock: LF107277A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 42,777 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Lupient INFINITI Milwaukee (121 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in West Allis, WI / 121 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    With a Limited Lifetime Powertrain Warranty that also includes seals and gaskets on most vehicle sold* with less than 75,000 miles at time of sale.Bac...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M38LF118595
    Stock: IM1644A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 67,477 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,885 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M13LF109737
    Stock: 2004020073
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-29-2025

    • 39,680 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 921 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M37LF111623
    Stock: 2003903039
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 94,623 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Buffalo, NY / 346 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M3XLF100745
    Stock: 2004023423
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-11-2025

    • 48,945 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Kearns Motor Car Co (157 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Johnson Creek, WI / 157 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M3XLF107937
    Stock: 9259
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 40,868 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MI*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Roseville, CA / 1,869 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M11LF100339
    Stock: 27693692
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 61,871 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to MI*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Madison, TN / 456 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M19LF104705
    Stock: 27705284
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 36,296 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 556 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M36LF120233
    Stock: 2004022261
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $24,998
    great price
    $6,134 below market
    • 39,144 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WA to MI*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 1,796 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5CA4MF126615
    Stock: 27765516
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 36,570 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Heated Seats
    • Blind-Spot Warning S...
    • Keyless Entry
    • Bluetooth Wireless
    • Navigation System
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 814 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5M34LF121185
    Stock: 2004054291
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-11-2025

Showing 106 - 126 out of 328 listings

Consumer Reviews for the INFINITI QX50

Read recent reviews for the INFINITI QX50
Overall Consumer Rating
2.9 out of 5 stars81 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 81 reviews
  • 5 star
    (26%)
  • 4 star
    (17%)
  • 3 star
    (12%)
  • 2 star
    (12%)
  • 1 star
    (32%)
3 out of 5 stars

Electrical systems fail

Wayne Locke, 01/11/2019
2019 INFINITI QX50 ESSENTIAL 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo CVT)
The controls on the central console have a tendency to fail. You will not be able to disconnect a phone call and all the controls freeze preventing adjustments to the navigation, climate control, radio and blue tooth phone. There have also been incidents of the entire screen going black. This happens while the vehicle is in operation and can cause a very dangerous situation. infiniti … has acknowledged the situation. They were able to replicate the problem at the dealership and admitted to numerous other similar complaints. I first raised the issue in November of 2018. As of January 10, 2019, they do not have a solution and the problem is continuing to occur. This goes beyond inconvenience. Failure of these systems while the vehicle is in operation causes a dangerous situation.
Report abuse

Used 2020 INFINITI QX50 in Grand Rapids, MI Values

Estimated values
2020 INFINITI QX50 LUXE 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$17,664$20,629$23,481
Clean$17,343$20,252$23,048
Average$16,807$19,623$22,328
Rough$16,111$18,805$21,392

The average list price of a used 2020 INFINITI QX50 in Grand Rapids, Michigan is $25,138. The average mileage on a used INFINITI QX50 2020 for sale in Grand Rapids, Michigan is 49,281. Based on the average mileage of 49,281 for used 2020 INFINITI QX50 for sale in Grand Rapids, MI and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used INFINITI QX50 2020 in Grand Rapids, Michigan to be $16,807.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.