Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
335 listings
    • 110,163 miles
    • 4 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Affinity Auto Sales (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in West Chicago, IL / 14 miles away from Naperville, IL

    FINANCING AVAILABLE UNDER PERSONAL NAME AND OR UNDER BUSINESS.SHIPPING AVAILABLE WORLD WIDE AT LOW COSTCUSTOMIZABLE WARRANTIES AVAILABLE UP TO 6 YEARS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A23BLA44360
    Stock: A3206
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $12,998
    fair price
    $906 above market
    • 113,575 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Gulliver USA (28 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Arlington Heights, IL / 28 miles away from Naperville, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A24BLA09068
    Stock: 504508
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

    • 1,014 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Orland Park (20 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Orland Park, IL / 20 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Certified. Black 2025 Porsche Cayenne AWD 8-Speed Automatic with Tiptronic 3.0L V6 Black/Mojave Beige w/Leather Seat T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY7SDA02680
    Stock: NRP5025A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • Appraise
    my car

    Get the Edmunds appraisal report and a no-obligation offer for your car

    See my car’s value
  • $12,995
    fair price
    $814 above market
    • 111,851 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Airport Motors of St. Francis (88 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Saint Francis, WI / 88 miles away from Naperville, IL

    *** FULLY LOADED *** NEW-CAR TRADE *** EXTRA CLEAN *** Fully inspected, fully maintained, well taken care of, runs and drives great, new tires, every...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A23BLA04766
    Stock: A04766
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2024

    • 1,115 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Lincolnwood (32 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lincolnwood, IL / 32 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Clean CARFAX. 2025 AWD Porsche Certified. Cayenne Carrara White Metallic 3.0L V6 8-Speed Automatic with Tiptronic 4D Sport Utility Odometer is 2916 mi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY6SDA03531
    Stock: II1191L
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

    • 4,974 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Lincolnwood (32 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lincolnwood, IL / 32 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Clean CARFAX. 2025 AWD Porsche Certified. Cayenne Carrara White Metallic 3.0L V6 8-Speed Automatic with Tiptronic 4D Sport UtilityPorsche Approved Cer...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY4SDA00692
    Stock: II1074L
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

    • 2,518 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Lincolnwood (32 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lincolnwood, IL / 32 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Recent Arrival! Clean CARFAX. 2025 AWD Porsche Certified. Cayenne Chromite Black Metallic 3.0L V6 8-Speed Automatic with Tiptronic 4D Sport Utility Od...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY8SDA01991
    Stock: II1145L
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

    • 5,176 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Porsche Lincolnwood (32 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lincolnwood, IL / 32 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Recent Arrival! Clean CARFAX. 2025 AWD Porsche Certified. Cayenne Chromite Black Metallic 3.0L V6 8-Speed Automatic with Tiptronic 4D Sport UtilityPor...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AYXSDA00776
    Stock: II1082L
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

    • 5,298 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Lincolnwood (32 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lincolnwood, IL / 32 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Clean CARFAX. 2025 AWD Porsche Certified. Cayenne Carrara White Metallic 3.0L V6 8-Speed Automatic with Tiptronic 4D Sport UtilityPorsche Approved Cer...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY4SDA00773
    Stock: II1092L
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

    • 118,005 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Zone Motors (18 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Addison, IL / 18 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Vehicle Overview REST EASY! With its Buyback Qualified CARFAX report, you can rest easy with this Porsche purchase. WARRANTY INCLUDED! A Limited Warra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A25BLA08348
    Stock: E062
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-30-2025

  • $105,991
    fair price
    $266 below market
    • 2,588 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Seaside, CA / 1,822 miles away from Naperville, IL

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering W...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY6SDA00385
    Stock: SDA00385
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 102,201 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • International Car Center (15 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Lombard, IL / 15 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Vehicle Overview 2011 Porsche Cayenne S Freshly Serviced & Road Ready! 4.8L V8, All-Wheel Drive Premium leather, navigation, heated seats, sunroof Rec...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A20BLA48463
    Stock: PMC3373
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 75,084 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 12 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Gallery Chicago (18 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Addison, IL / 18 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Visit Auto Gallery of Chicago to shop our great deals. You can call 630-628-1400 to schedule your test drive today.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (12 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB29P06LA70291
    Stock: 7085
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

    • 129,985 miles
    • No accidents, 7 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Top Gear (18 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Addison, IL / 18 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Vehicle Overview KEY FEATURES AND OPTIONS Comes equipped with: MP3. This Porsche Cayenne also includes Power Driver's Seat, Power Passenger Seat, Crui...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA29P19LA13539
    Stock: C340
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-14-2024

    • 118,453 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 12 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Geneva Motor Cars (68 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Darien, WI / 68 miles away from Naperville, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (12 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AC29P78LA82776
    Stock: 919
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-06-2023

  • Price Drop
    $13,995
    fair price
    $1,330 above market
    • 81,905 miles
    • No accidents, 8 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 12 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Greater Chicago Motors (16 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Glendale Heights, IL / 16 miles away from Naperville, IL

    Cayenne Turbo Call for a test drive today!! [ + MORE ] [ - HIDE ]

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (12 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AC29P68LA80176
    Stock: GCM7323A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

    • 92,032 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Okaz Motors (18 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Elmhurst, IL / 18 miles away from Naperville, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA29P08LA22263
    Stock: IA1286-TX
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-17-2023

    • 209,654 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Chicago Cars US (21 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Summit Argo, IL / 21 miles away from Naperville, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA29P28LA13077
    Stock: C9115
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 37,424 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 12 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Geneva Motor Cars (68 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Darien, WI / 68 miles away from Naperville, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (12 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB29P34LA72730
    Stock: 2290
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 109,859 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 12 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Illinois Motors (35 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Cary, IL / 35 miles away from Naperville, IL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (12 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB29P54LA75144
    Stock: ILM2783
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

Showing 316 - 335 out of 335 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Cayenne

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Cayenne
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars29 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 29 reviews
  • 5 star
    (59%)
  • 4 star
    (14%)
  • 3 star
    (14%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (14%)
5 out of 5 stars

1 year ownership review

Wayne, 06/09/2018
2017 Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid Platinum Edition 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl S/C gas/electric hybrid 8A)
I got the car last year and had driven it for about 8000 miles. For interior, Cayenne hybrid build quality is great. The car had practicality in mind without overdone and over engineering. I would consider MB interior are overdone with too much distraction, Tesla features are over-engineering. I am OK with some of the plastic on the switches. That's how you keep the weight down. It is … not Rolls or Bentley nonetheless. For performance, the acceleration is good(about 5.4s from 0-60). Brake is very sensitive. For reliability, I expect Porsche reliability is great. So far, no problem what-so-ever from my car. So, I will consider it excellent. This car has a very steep learning curve, it can achieve most of the stuff it promised, but you just need to take some time to learn and understand how this machine work. For example, one reviewer complain that the in-car navigation cannot be cancelled. Actually, it can be cancelled pretty easily. just wave you hand in front of the navigation. The proximity sensor will bring up optional choice to cancel the current destination. Climate control is automatic. you can turn off the AC with the AC button. Heat will come-in automatically once you set the temperature. So, I am very pleased with its comfort during the harsh winter. Fuel economy is also great if you know how to use it, cruise control on high speed can save you a lot of fuel, especially during downhill and soft braking. I only refilled my tank 6 times from initial 100 miles in odometer(I admit I charge my car a lot). 1 tank of fuel supposed to last for 400 miles only. I especially like the full electric mode that is literally like a second set of engine that you can use in most light weight short distant city driving. With my current driving habit, I expect this car to last for a long time. Porsche engineering is up there, you got what you pay for, for such powerful and complicated machine, you have got to take some time to learn how to use it properly. One last thing I want to say is, Cayenne hybrid is like having an option to drive a hybrid or a Porsche. If you drive like a hybrid, it delivers great fuel economy and quiet comfort, don't expect super fast acceleration and exciting throttle noise in this mode. If you drive like a Porsche under sport plus mode, it deliver great handling and good acceleration, but the fuel economy will not be good(~23mpg in pure gas engine). With Porsche, you are the driver with options.
Report abuse

Used 2011 Porsche Cayenne in Naperville, IL Values

Estimated values
2011 Porsche Cayenne S 4dr SUV 4WD (4.8L 8cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$6,451$11,040$13,727
Clean$6,121$10,396$12,833
Average$5,570$9,323$11,343
Rough$4,854$7,928$9,407

The average list price of a used 2011 Porsche Cayenne in Naperville, Illinois is $45,936. The average mileage on a used Porsche Cayenne 2011 for sale in Naperville, Illinois is 71,644. Based on the average mileage of 71,644 for used 2011 Porsche Cayenne for sale in Naperville, IL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Cayenne 2011 in Naperville, Illinois to be $5,570.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.