Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
195 listings
  • Price Drop
    • 16,056 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana - Portland (152 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 152 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAC7XJ0204332
    Stock: 2003951613
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $26,990
    fair price
    $91 below market
    • 16,687 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana - Portland (152 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 152 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAC79K0308165
    Stock: 2003988932
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-16-2025

  • $23,830
    fair price
    $36 below market
    • 34,603 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • West Hills Ford (24 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Bremerton, WA / 24 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    26/35 City/Highway MPGGrand Touring RWD Soul Red Crystal MetallicOdometer is 1548 miles below market average!26/35 City/Highway MPGCOMPONENTS R...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD74L0410103
    Stock: XF7469A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • New Listing
    $21,998
    fair price
    $327 above market
    • 23,144 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Puyallup (33 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Puyallup, WA / 33 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD74G0101074
    Stock: 27765580
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $23,990
    fair price
    $503 above market
    • 14,281 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 2,277 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD7XJ0204121
    Stock: 2003890501
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    $23,998
    fair price
    $427 above market
    • 14,820 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OH to WA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 1,953 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD73J0202050
    Stock: 26710121
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $23,990
    fair price
    $813 above market
    • 20,750 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 1,861 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD70J0203558
    Stock: 2003988128
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-18-2025

  • New Listing
    $22,990
    fair price
    $89 above market
    • 26,549 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 1,519 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD70J0201096
    Stock: 2003918050
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-31-2025

  • Price Drop
    $23,700
    fair price
    $342 above market
    • 36,651 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl manual
    • Newberg Chevrolet (168 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Newberg, OR / 168 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    Clean CARFAX.26/34 City/Highway MPGFamily owned and operated we have been in business for over 24 years and have developed a loyal dedicated following...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAC7XL0414609
    Stock: P4142
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • New Listing
    $21,998
    fair price
    $613 above market
    • 27,151 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Renton (16 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Renton, WA / 16 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD79G0110272
    Stock: 27765352
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 6,314 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 2,001 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAC79J0205441
    Stock: 2003973707
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 64,000 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Better All Auto Sales (109 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Yakima, WA / 109 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAC78G0108434
    Stock: 108434
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 17,475 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to WA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Franklin, TN / 1,972 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD76J0201894
    Stock: 27413764
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 52,246 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (10 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Seattle, WA / 10 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigatio...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD71L0413136
    Stock: 413136ZV
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 48,407 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to WA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 1,064 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD77J0200754
    Stock: 27592335
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $22,590
    fair price
    $793 above market
    • 12,315 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 2,013 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD70H0121338
    Stock: 2003892434
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

  • New Listing
    • 7,554 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 2,169 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD76H0122400
    Stock: 2004016805
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-27-2025

    • 15,235 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,676 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD72K0304263
    Stock: 2003954963
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-12-2025

    • 21,640 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to WA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Lubbock, TX / 1,435 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAB70K0309433
    Stock: 27324896
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 19,607 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WI to WA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Milwaukee, WI / 1,671 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD71K0305856
    Stock: 27217059
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 20,432 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from PA to WA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Easton, PA / 2,335 miles away from Kirkland, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1NDAD71K0305016
    Stock: 26937913
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 195 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mazda MX-5 Miata

Read recent reviews for the Mazda MX-5 Miata
Overall Consumer Rating
4.7 out of 5 stars75 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 75 reviews
  • 5 star
    (73%)
  • 4 star
    (23%)
  • 3 star
    (1%)
  • 2 star
    (1%)
  • 1 star
    (1%)
5 out of 5 stars

My new 2016 MX-5 miata GT - just plain fun

Heidi, 02/13/2016
2016 Mazda MX-5 Miata Grand Touring 2dr Convertible (2.0L 4cyl 6M)
First, I am very happy with this fun little convertible. I've had convertibles before, and really enjoyed my old Honda S2000. Currently have a Mazda CX-5. It was time for another little fun convertible and I chose the 2016 Miata GT, manual. I bought the 2016 Miata Grand Touring 2 months ago. It is so nice to drive with the top down! It is quick, fun and most importantly, a great value. … There are not very many convertible out there in the sub-$35k range and I'm happy to say I got an outstanding price! I am giving the car 5 stars, however the interior is so poorly designed it is puzzling. All of the things you might want to touch are behind the seat - storage & cup holders in particular since there seems to be room forward for a small glove box. Also the tiny little storage area behind the manual shift is so thin and shallow I'm not sure why its there. It's not wide enough to fit anything other than sun glasses. Too bad it is not wide enough to fit my iPod! The entertainment system and sound is very good, especially for a convertible. I'm not sure yet whether I'll be happy with not being able to use the touch screen while in motion, and have been adjusting to not looking down at the entertainment knobs when not using the steering wheel controls. The Nav system took a bit of getting used to as is a different system than the CX-5, but is much more accurate. All in all, it is a spirited, absolutely fun car. And regardless of my interior design comments, bottom line..Can't beat the value for the price!
Report abuse

Used 2018 Mazda MX-5 Miata in Kirkland, WA Values

Estimated values
2018 Mazda MX-5 Miata Club 2dr Convertible (2.0L 4cyl 6M) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$19,089$22,442$25,230
Clean$18,493$21,705$24,361
Average$17,500$20,477$22,913
Rough$16,210$18,881$21,030

The average list price of a used 2018 Mazda MX-5 Miata in Kirkland, Washington is $23,849. The average mileage on a used Mazda MX-5 Miata 2018 for sale in Kirkland, Washington is 24,567. Based on the average mileage of 24,567 for used 2018 Mazda MX-5 Miata for sale in Kirkland, WA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda MX-5 Miata 2018 in Kirkland, Washington to be $17,500.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.