Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
338 listings
  • New Listing
    $26,998
    fair price
    $1,362 below market
    • 74,310 miles
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to SC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in San Diego, CA / 2,149 miles away from Charleston, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJWFG4JL840418
    Stock: 27222491
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 97,136 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Orange Park Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (207 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 207 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Recent Arrival! 2018 Jeep Wrangler JK Unlimited Sahara 4WD 5-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 24V VVT Black ClearcoatBody Color Appliques Front Bumper, Body C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJWEGXJL924132
    Stock: 514906A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

    • 125,155 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Speedway Ford (254 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Griffin, GA / 254 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Vehicle DetailsUnleash your adventurous spirit with this stunning 2018 Jeep Wrangler JK Sahara, a true testament to rugged sophistication and unmatche...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWEGXJL802733
    Stock: 24T353A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

    • 107,927 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • STS Auto Sales, LLC (211 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Rutherfordton, NC / 211 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Rest assured, once you take this Jeep Wrangler JK home you will know you've made a solid investment. Our STANDARD WARRANTY on this SUV covers the driv...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJWEGXJL937947
    Stock: 1063
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-03-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 147,095 miles
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Champion Chevrolet (283 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Johnson City, TN / 283 miles away from Charleston, SC

    All pricing is before tax, tag, $749 dealer fee. Thank you for shopping with Champion Chevrolet Cadillac in Johnson City, TN! Our mission is to provid...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJWDG8JL922204
    Stock: 7601A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-22-2025

    • 92,671 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Karmike USA (218 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Newport, NC / 218 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Automatic, 5-SpdDual Air BagsUconnectABS (4-Wheel)Hill Descent ControlRollover MitigationCruise ControlElectronic Stability ControlAM/FM Stereo4WDTowi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWDG2JL895068
    Stock: P5451
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

  • New Listing
    • 29,028 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Albuquerque, NM / 1,534 miles away from Charleston, SC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4AJWAG4JL908838
    Stock: 2003763154
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

    • 105,770 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carolina Luxury Imports of Mooresville (199 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Mooresville, NC / 199 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Are you ready to hit the road in style and safety? This sleek gray 2018 Jeep Wrangler JK is calling your name! With a Carfax report available for your...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWDG5JL913174
    Stock: 1572
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-23-2024

  • $23,850
    fair price
    $1,068 above market
    • 72,446 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Outlet USA (265 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Danville, VA / 265 miles away from Charleston, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJWEGXJL893898
    Stock: A543
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

    • 129,477 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • AJs Auto (277 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 277 miles away from Charleston, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWEG6JL815950
    Stock: 10773
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 40,200 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Jacksonville Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram Westside (201 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 201 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Brake Actuated Limited Slip Differential, CD Player, iPod/MP3 Input, Alloy Wheels, ENGINE: 3.6L V6 24V VVT, TRANSMISSION: 5-SPEED AUTOMATIC (W5A5... C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4AJWAGXJL860794
    Stock: W511371A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 135,456 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Sport Durst Subaru of Jacksonville (201 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, NC / 201 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Recent Arrival! 2018 Jeep Wrangler JK Unlimited Sport Rhino Clearcoat 4WD 5-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 24V VVT *SIRIUS XM*, *POWER PACKAGE*, *LOCAL TRADE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWDG1JL859999
    Stock: PJ807
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

    • 121,780 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Long-Lewis Ford of Cullman (410 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Cullman, AL / 410 miles away from Charleston, SC

    2018 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sport 4x4 is a versatile and rugged SUV designed for both on-road comfort and off-road capability. Here's an overview o...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJWDG8JL927581
    Stock: C25BS012A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

    • 25,000 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Snyder's Auto Sales, Inc. (396 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Harrisonburg, VA / 396 miles away from Charleston, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWDG2JL872387
    Stock: 872387
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-10-2023

    • 108,469 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Silver Motor Group (231 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Durham, NC / 231 miles away from Charleston, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWEG2JL936605
    Stock: 936605
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-28-2024

    • 120,660 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Escude Chevrolet (203 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Easley, SC / 203 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Check out all these great option's 18 x 7.5 Polished Satin Carbon Wheels, 3.21 Rear Axle Ratio, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 8 Speakers, ABS brakes, Air Condi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJWEG0JL900633
    Stock: SZ163633C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

    • 101,823 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Dixie Motors (439 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Tuscaloosa, AL / 439 miles away from Charleston, SC

    2 OWNERS!! 101K MILES!!! 4WD!! 3.6L V6!!! AUTO!! HARD TOP!! LOADED!! EXCELLENT CONDITION !! CLEAN CARFAX !! DIXIEMOTORSUSA.COM 2**.7**.7*** Read ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4GJWAG2JL918004
    Stock: 918004
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-25-2025

  • New Listing
    • 64,599 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • McAdenville Motors (181 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Gastonia, NC / 181 miles away from Charleston, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJWEG9JL923215
    Stock: 923215
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-18-2025

    • 116,075 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Ken's Autos (445 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Paris, KY / 445 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Cruise along the streets in style with this sleek and rugged Black Clearcoat 2018 Jeep Wrangler JK Unlimited! Get ready to tackle any terrain with con...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJWDG2JL928337
    Stock: 928337
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 100,037 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 2,008 miles away from Charleston, SC

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWEG7JL935580
    Stock: 2003727113
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

    • 39,219 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • AutoPlanet (427 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Murfreesboro, TN / 427 miles away from Charleston, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWDG0JL908397
    Stock: 908397
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 232 - 252 out of 338 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Wrangler JK

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Wrangler JK
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars46 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 46 reviews
  • 5 star
    (63%)
  • 4 star
    (11%)
  • 3 star
    (11%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (11%)
5 out of 5 stars

I Will stick with the JK style

Douglas Lower, 12/17/2017
2018 Jeep Wrangler JK Unlimited Sahara 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 6M)
This is my 7TH purchase of the Jeep JK Wrangler. I have followed the development of the new JL. I am not convinced it is the way to go for me. First it is a new model that will have teething problems like the JK had in 07. I do not know how the new models will do with the new metals being used or adhesives, they had to put the character line on the side to give the aluminum some … strength.They made some steering components hollow rather than solid. I do not like the built-in roll bars. I do not like the windshield. they said they were going to lighten the Jeep, but some reviewers said it weighed more in some configurations.I do not like the dashboard, it looks like a Fiat design. I liked the adjustable steering wheel and lumbar support, that was about it. I know what I am buying with the JK. It is nice and simple. I bought the Sahara Unlimited automatic again in Billet Silver with a black hardtop. I love the new LED headlights and polished alloy wheels. I stayed with the 3.21 axle ratios for gas mileage. The Sahara has the next step up in shocks, so it is a bit firm at first, but smooths right out after a 1000 miles. This Sahara has a smoother ride than my 15 Sahara had. I feel safer buying tried and true, and I like the style better.I have owned so many vehicles and i keep coming back to the Wrangler Unlimited. It covers all the bases of what I want in one vehicle, a convertible, a tow vehicle, a 4X4, cargo capability with the seat down. a rugged look, easy to personalize. What more could you want !!
Report abuse

Used 2018 Jeep Wrangler JK in Charleston, SC Values

Estimated values
2018 Jeep Wrangler JK Unlimited Rubicon 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 5A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$19,705$22,128$24,138
Clean$18,916$21,215$23,114
Average$17,601$19,695$21,407
Rough$15,892$17,718$19,189

The average list price of a used 2018 Jeep Wrangler JK in Charleston, South Carolina is $22,834. The average mileage on a used Jeep Wrangler JK 2018 for sale in Charleston, South Carolina is 93,063. Based on the average mileage of 93,063 for used 2018 Jeep Wrangler JK for sale in Charleston, SC and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Jeep Wrangler JK 2018 in Charleston, South Carolina to be $17,601.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.