Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
146 listings
  • $21,460
    good price
    $1,190 below market
    • 72,357 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Burnworth Zollars Chevrolet (108 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Ligonier, IN / 108 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWEG8JL936253
    Stock: F4032A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-08-2024

  • $17,998
    good price
    $1,335 below market
    • 96,063 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • EZ Auto Broker (148 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Mount Vernon, OH / 148 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWDG3JL862855
    Stock: 862855
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2024

  • $14,995
    good price
    $1,267 below market
    • 138,243 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Affordable Car Sales (193 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Middletown, OH / 193 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    Visit Affordable Car Sales online at www.affordablecarsalesoh.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 5**-2**-6*** today to schedul...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWDG0JL827352
    Stock: 827352
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-30-2024

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $23,997
    good price
    $2,236 below market
    • 71,107 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Milnes Chevrolet (63 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Imlay City, MI / 63 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    Milnes Ford Inc. is proud to offer this beautiful {vehicleTitle} in Gobi Clearcoat with Dark Saddle/Black interior with 71107 miles. Popular features ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWCG2JL816788
    Stock: P5907A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

    • 115,850 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Coppus Motors (86 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Tiffin, OH / 86 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    2018 Firecracker Red Clearcoat Jeep Wrangler JK Unlimited Willys Wheeler 4WD 3.6L V6 24V VVT 5-Speed Automatic This Jeep Wrangler JK has many features...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWDG0JL908254
    Stock: R687A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $22,994
    good price
    $2,037 below market
    • 70,463 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Victory Motors - Chesterfield (58 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in New Baltimore, MI / 58 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWEGXJL826790
    Stock: 33465R
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

  • $24,995
    fair price
    $1,841 below market
    • 83,099 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Mike's Cycle and Auto (193 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Connersville, IN / 193 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWFG9JL853560
    Stock: 853560
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

    • 84,435 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Lunghamer Ford Owosso (53 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Owosso, MI / 53 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJWEG4JL840095
    Stock: P14881
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • $21,900
    fair price
    $592 below market
    • 40,284 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Sundance Chevrolet (57 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Grand Ledge, MI / 57 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4AJWAG0JL872405
    Stock: 872405
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 36,386 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Brunswick Auto Mart (126 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Brunswick, OH / 126 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    PREVIEWREDUCED FROM $27,596! EPA 20 MPG Hwy/16 MPG City! LOW MILES - 36,386! Brake Actuated Limited Slip Differential, CD Player, iPod/MP3 Input, 4x4...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWDGXJL835930
    Stock: J250342AA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $27,990
    fair price
    $1,330 below market
    • 34,479 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 873 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWEG6JL909441
    Stock: 2003740476
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • New Listing
    $28,900
    good price
    $3,001 below market
    • 55,056 miles
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Sundance Chevrolet (57 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Grand Ledge, MI / 57 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJWFGXJL902811
    Stock: SC46714
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-22-2025

  • $23,988
    good price
    $2,070 below market
    • 60,229 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Victory Motors - Chesterfield (58 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in New Baltimore, MI / 58 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJWEG3JL918477
    Stock: 33411L
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-15-2025

    • 111,252 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Patriot Motors (171 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Cortland, OH / 171 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWDGXJL845003
    Stock: 845003
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-21-2024

  • New Listing
    • 133,212 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Loyal Auto Sales (37 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Pontiac, MI / 37 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    "We accept state vehicle vouchers! Offering special financing for all types of credit. We Approve Anyone! WALK IN DRIVE OUT! New to the country? no so...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJWDG1JL930452
    Stock: 930452
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

  • $20,000
    good price
    $1,573 below market
    • 93,463 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Stykemain Buick GMC (72 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Defiance, OH / 72 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJWEGXJL900655
    Stock: P25-162A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

    • 78,816 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Steinle Chevrolet Buick (80 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Clyde, OH / 80 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    CLEAN LOCAL TRADE * NO ACCIDENTS * FULLY SERVICED AND DETAILED * 4X4 * HARDTOP * HEATED LEATHER * POWER WINDOWS AND LOCKS * TILT WHEEL * CRUISE CONTRO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWEG4JL824369
    Stock: CP2212B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-05-2025

  • $17,950
    fair price
    $157 below market
    • 123,098 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Sunshine Auto Sales (130 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Huntington, IN / 130 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    EVERYTHING A JEEP LOVER WANTS!!! SUPER CLEAN!!! SAHARA Package 4x4 with 3.6 Liter V-6, Automatic Transmission, Air Conditioning, 3 Piece HARDTOP with ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4AJWBG1JL903515
    Stock: 903515
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-04-2025

  • $16,995
    good price
    $1,945 below market
    • 104,184 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Affordable Car Sales (193 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Middletown, OH / 193 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    Visit Affordable Car Sales online at www.affordablecarsalesoh.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 5**-2**-6*** today to schedule...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJWDG6JL921519
    Stock: 921519
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-03-2024

    • 30,751 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Genthe Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Saline, MI / 8 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWDGXJL839489
    Stock: 1788A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-29-2025

  • $19,900
    good price
    $1,179 below market
    • 99,731 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Ron Marhofer Buick GMC (157 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in North Canton, OH / 157 miles away from Ann Arbor, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWEG1JL845826
    Stock: UJHB1015B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-11-2025

Showing 64 - 84 out of 146 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Wrangler JK

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Wrangler JK
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars46 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 46 reviews
  • 5 star
    (63%)
  • 4 star
    (11%)
  • 3 star
    (11%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (11%)
5 out of 5 stars

I Will stick with the JK style

Douglas Lower, 12/17/2017
2018 Jeep Wrangler JK Unlimited Sahara 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 6M)
This is my 7TH purchase of the Jeep JK Wrangler. I have followed the development of the new JL. I am not convinced it is the way to go for me. First it is a new model that will have teething problems like the JK had in 07. I do not know how the new models will do with the new metals being used or adhesives, they had to put the character line on the side to give the aluminum some … strength.They made some steering components hollow rather than solid. I do not like the built-in roll bars. I do not like the windshield. they said they were going to lighten the Jeep, but some reviewers said it weighed more in some configurations.I do not like the dashboard, it looks like a Fiat design. I liked the adjustable steering wheel and lumbar support, that was about it. I know what I am buying with the JK. It is nice and simple. I bought the Sahara Unlimited automatic again in Billet Silver with a black hardtop. I love the new LED headlights and polished alloy wheels. I stayed with the 3.21 axle ratios for gas mileage. The Sahara has the next step up in shocks, so it is a bit firm at first, but smooths right out after a 1000 miles. This Sahara has a smoother ride than my 15 Sahara had. I feel safer buying tried and true, and I like the style better.I have owned so many vehicles and i keep coming back to the Wrangler Unlimited. It covers all the bases of what I want in one vehicle, a convertible, a tow vehicle, a 4X4, cargo capability with the seat down. a rugged look, easy to personalize. What more could you want !!
Report abuse

Used 2018 Jeep Wrangler JK in Ann Arbor, MI Values

Estimated values
2018 Jeep Wrangler JK Unlimited Sahara 4dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 5A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$17,237$19,658$21,664
Clean$16,546$18,847$20,745
Average$15,396$17,496$19,214
Rough$13,901$15,740$17,222

The average list price of a used 2018 Jeep Wrangler JK in Ann Arbor, Michigan is $21,434. The average mileage on a used Jeep Wrangler JK 2018 for sale in Ann Arbor, Michigan is 82,503. Based on the average mileage of 82,503 for used 2018 Jeep Wrangler JK for sale in Ann Arbor, MI and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Jeep Wrangler JK 2018 in Ann Arbor, Michigan to be $15,396.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.