Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
36 listings
  • $8,819
    great price
    $3,269 below market
    • 81,669 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Budget Auto Concept (92 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 92 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGAV7AX7HK044180
    Stock: Bud044180
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $6,990
    great price
    $3,997 below market
    • 93,267 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • RPM Motors (91 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 91 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGAV7AX4HK047571
    Stock: 047571
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 104,353 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Bradenton DriveTime (25 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Bradenton, FL / 25 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGAV7AX8HK049744
    Stock: 1060213130
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

    • 141,109 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • C&L Motors (15 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 15 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    Although every reasonable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained on this site, absolute accuracy cannot be guarantee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGAV7AX3HK051871
    Stock: 11903
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 94,430 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Gainesville DriveTime (131 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Gainesville, FL / 131 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGAV7AX2HK054986
    Stock: 1120249365
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

    • 43,014 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Miami Lakes (196 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Miami Lakes, FL / 196 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGAV7AX5JK004332
    Stock: 27480168
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 56,154 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Sensations (193 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Fort Lauderdale, FL / 193 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGAV7AX1JK001461
    Stock: 001461
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,990
    fair price
    $1,272 above market
    • 28,449 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 1,019 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGAV7AX6HK052318
    Stock: 2003821014
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • $8,990
    good price
    $1,031 below market
    • 97,972 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Sales JC Florida (90 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Orlando, FL / 90 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    Ready to drive the car you deserve?At Auto JC Florida, we make it happen - fast, easy, and with style!What makes us different? 3-Month Warranty - Peac...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGBV7AX7HK043289
    Stock: 043289
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-06-2025

  • New Listing
    $13,998
    fair price
    $325 below market
    • 61,898 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to FL*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Palmdale, CA / 2,136 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGAV7AX5HK046378
    Stock: 27622831
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 30,061 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to FL*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 925 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGAV7AX7HK050805
    Stock: 26696396
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 34,772 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to FL*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Pharr, TX / 960 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGAV7AX9HK054886
    Stock: 27578193
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $13,790
    fair price
    $243 above market
    • 62,457 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 2,141 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGAV7AX1HK048385
    Stock: 2003679095
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • New Listing
    $13,590
    fair price
    $329 above market
    • 72,767 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 2,141 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGAV7AX7HK053848
    Stock: 2003690894
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    $12,299
    great price
    $4,194 below market
    • 37,094 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Cocoa Ford (123 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Cocoa, FL / 123 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    Welcome to Cocoa Ford, Florida's fastest growing dealership!! Home of the LIFETIME POWERTRAIN WARRANTY* and superior customer service! It's a TARRIF-I...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGBV7AX6JK001556
    Stock: P001556
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

    • 57,306 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 464 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGAV7AX8HK046357
    Stock: 2003860306
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-30-2025

    • 130,866 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarSmart (72 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Groveland, FL / 72 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGBV7AX9HK044217
    Stock: 7079
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 38,288 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,340 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGBV7AX9HK048851
    Stock: 2003923856
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 40,988 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MA to FL*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Norwood, MA / 1,185 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGBV7AX0HK043120
    Stock: 27654335
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 49,499 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to FL*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 810 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGAV7AX8HK048576
    Stock: 27363774
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 70,137 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to FL*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Apple Carplay/Androi...
    Close

    Located in Springfield, IL / 917 miles away from Saint Petersburg, FL

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WVGAV7AX4HK045285
    Stock: 25832912
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 36 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Volkswagen Tiguan Limited

Read recent reviews for the Volkswagen Tiguan Limited
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars9 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 9 reviews
  • 5 star
    (78%)
  • 4 star
    (0%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (11%)
  • 1 star
    (11%)
5 out of 5 stars

Great SUV for the price

Albert, 03/03/2018
2017 Volkswagen Tiguan Limited S 4dr SUV (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6A)
I looked quite a bit for a small SUV that is still roomy but not too big and bulky. The carried over 2017 Tiguan Limited into 2018 is just right. The price was lower than anyone else at less than $23,000. That included a lot of options, like 17" alloy wheels, a large 6.5" infotainment screen, Apple car play and Android Auto, roof rack, first aid kit, all weather rubber floor mats that … snap in nicely, rear cargo area carpeted mat, large road kit with jumper cables, rain coat, gloves, universal combo type tool with plyers, another smaller first aid kit, foldable reflector triangle, etc. Also keyless entry with push button start. The back seats have lots of legroom and you can slide them forward or back. Really nice SUV for the price. I highly recommend this model before they are gone. The new model 2018 Tiguan is too big and more expensive.
Report abuse

Used 2017 Volkswagen Tiguan Limited in Saint Petersburg, FL Values

Estimated values
2017 Volkswagen Tiguan Limited S 4dr SUV (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$7,844$11,088$13,575
Clean$7,493$10,575$12,924
Average$6,910$9,719$11,838
Rough$6,151$8,606$10,427

The average list price of a used 2017 Volkswagen Tiguan Limited in Saint Petersburg, Florida is $13,438. The average mileage on a used Volkswagen Tiguan Limited 2017 for sale in Saint Petersburg, Florida is 67,931. Based on the average mileage of 67,931 for used 2017 Volkswagen Tiguan Limited for sale in Saint Petersburg, FL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Volkswagen Tiguan Limited 2017 in Saint Petersburg, Florida to be $6,910.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.