Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,549 listings
  • New Listing
    • 75,171 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 943 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEZU5JR2G5133566
    Stock: 2003834428
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • $28,998
    fair price
    $478 above market
    • 124,837 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MN to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Maplewood, MN / 863 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR2J5596848
    Stock: 27014755
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 122,500 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 868 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Premium Sound,Satellite Radio,Sunroof / Moo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR0J5579689
    Stock: J5579689T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 113,445 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from KS to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Merriam, KS / 440 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR7G5339466
    Stock: 27437525
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 93,164 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Oak Lawn, IL / 792 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JRXG5392940
    Stock: 26863106
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 100,770 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 769 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR9G5370346
    Stock: 2003839294
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $30,990
    fair price
    $136 above market
    • 105,671 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 1,029 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR0J5486218
    Stock: 2003797252
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

  • New Listing
    • 63,524 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from Houston, TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 225 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEZU5JR2G5142543
    Stock: 27349963
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 98,621 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Parker, CO / 626 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JRXJ5515269
    Stock: 27178060
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 79,222 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 1,029 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR1J5575988
    Stock: 2003825606
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 50,023 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 935 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR6J5579924
    Stock: 2003822592
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

  • New Listing
    • 52,839 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from San Antonio, TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 251 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEZU5JR2J5190566
    Stock: 27551434
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 123,553 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Springfield, OR / 1,590 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Sunroof / Moonroof,Tow Hitch,4-Wheel...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR0J5554369
    Stock: VT554369
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 84,811 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Federal Heights, CO / 652 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR9J5500827
    Stock: 26914959
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 80,299 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Palm Desert, CA / 1,114 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR0J5547633
    Stock: 27137114
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 55,295 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 256 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR3J5530860
    Stock: 2003861264
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 64,361 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,413 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JRXJ5484735
    Stock: 27045060
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 64,684 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Billings, MT / 1,078 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Back-Up Camera,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Premium Sound,Satellite Radio,Sunr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR9J5531575
    Stock: 53852BM
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 112,154 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Klamath Falls, OR / 1,484 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Tow Hitch,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,5-Spee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR4J5602603
    Stock: J5602603
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 18,071 miles
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lynchburg, VA / 1,053 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR3G5286720
    Stock: 27326930
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 112,218 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Locators of Texas (18 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 18 miles away from Grapevine, TX

    2016 TOYOTA 4-RUNNER TRD OFF ROAD LOOK 4X4 CERTIFIED VEHICLE WITH WARRANTY TEXAS OWNED VEHICLE LEATHER POWER SUNROOF NAVIGATION BACKUP CAMERA NEW BRAK...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTEBU5JR7G5345316
    Stock: 4922
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-06-2025

Showing 190 - 210 out of 1,549 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Toyota 4Runner

Read recent reviews for the Toyota 4Runner
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars34 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 34 reviews
  • 5 star
    (82%)
  • 4 star
    (9%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
5 out of 5 stars

Love my 2017 4Runner Limited BUT!

Angie NC, 11/13/2017
2017 Toyota 4Runner Limited 4dr SUV 4WD (4.0L 6cyl 5A)
When shopping for a new SUV I drove several makes and models. Toyota 4 Runner wasn't on my list due to the reviews from Car and Driver and other sites, however my husband (a truck guy) convinced me to test drive the 4 Runner. It wasn't my favorite while test driving but I went with my husbands recommendation and purchased the 4 Runner. After driving the 4 Runner Limited 4wd I love, … love , love it. The only complaint is the gas mileage which was a shock for me coming from a Lexus GS 350. I like the way it drives, It feels solid and well built which makes me feel safe. I'm adjusting to the ride but its not bad considering this is a TRUE SUV not a crossover. Would I purchase again? ABSOLUTELY I'm glad I didn't listen to the reviews and took a chance on this true SUV I'm very happy with my purchase. If I had to give a negative it would definitely be the gas mileage.
Report abuse

Used 2016 Toyota 4Runner in Grapevine, TX Values

Estimated values
2016 Toyota 4Runner SR5 4dr SUV (4.0L 6cyl 5A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$20,557$23,021$24,776
Clean$19,671$21,998$23,640
Average$18,194$20,291$21,747
Rough$16,275$18,073$19,287

The average list price of a used 2016 Toyota 4Runner in Grapevine, Texas is $32,991. The average mileage on a used Toyota 4Runner 2016 for sale in Grapevine, Texas is 85,487. Based on the average mileage of 85,487 for used 2016 Toyota 4Runner for sale in Grapevine, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Toyota 4Runner 2016 in Grapevine, Texas to be $18,194.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.