Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,542 listings
  • New Listing
    • 124,607 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 982 miles away from Kyle, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMCB0FW672419
    Stock: 2003671212
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • New Listing
    • 107,567 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 826 miles away from Kyle, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMCX9KD477758
    Stock: 2003728635
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 102,880 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 942 miles away from Kyle, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLDSXFW760211
    Stock: 2003851525
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

  • New Listing
    • 111,138 miles
    • No accidents, 6 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 1,198 miles away from Kyle, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMCX6KD244484
    Stock: 2003825084
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-17-2025

  • New Listing
    • 112,515 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 378 miles away from Kyle, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMDS5FW575599
    Stock: 2003744772
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 103,786 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NY to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in East Meadow, NY / 1,546 miles away from Kyle, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMDS8FW594860
    Stock: 27364884
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 84,687 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Liquidators Plus (113 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Waco, TX / 113 miles away from Kyle, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLCB5FW707305
    Stock: R16742A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

  • New Listing
    • 87,644 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,465 miles away from Kyle, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLCB9KD171626
    Stock: 2003847753
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

    • 95,934 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Medford, OR / 1,624 miles away from Kyle, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLDB8KD411103
    Stock: 411103B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 92,702 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IN to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Merrillville, IN / 985 miles away from Kyle, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMDB6FW509191
    Stock: 27267361
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 107,350 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 1,198 miles away from Kyle, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMLB1KD191195
    Stock: 2003831397
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

    • 69,477 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • LBC Auto Sales Houston (131 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 131 miles away from Kyle, TX

    The 2019 Jeep Cherokee Latitude is a top-of-the-line SUV that boasts a powerful and reliable 2.4L I4 180hp 171ft. lbs. engine. This vehicle is built t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLCB0KD485374
    Stock: 5347
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2024

    • 107,246 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 588 miles away from Kyle, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLCB5FW711872
    Stock: 27103739
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 79,525 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from LA to TX*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Baton Rouge, LA / 403 miles away from Kyle, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLAB9FW560909
    Stock: 26282453
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 96,556 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Murfreesboro, TN / 772 miles away from Kyle, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMDS6FW790229
    Stock: 26484064
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 119,648 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from KS to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Wichita, KS / 531 miles away from Kyle, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLCB1FW711691
    Stock: 26369837
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 118,298 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Madison, TN / 776 miles away from Kyle, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMDBXFW611349
    Stock: 27035126
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 75,957 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Glencoe, IL / 1,005 miles away from Kyle, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLDB3FW760762
    Stock: 27435506
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 92,169 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 1,082 miles away from Kyle, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMLB6KD462056
    Stock: 2003800064
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

    • 98,169 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 987 miles away from Kyle, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJMLX8KD229257
    Stock: 2003783776
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

  • New Listing
    • 102,740 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tinley Park, IL / 974 miles away from Kyle, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4PJLLB4KD173624
    Stock: 26999663
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 799 - 819 out of 1,542 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Cherokee

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Cherokee
Overall Consumer Rating
3.5 out of 5 stars61 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 61 reviews
  • 5 star
    (38%)
  • 4 star
    (25%)
  • 3 star
    (7%)
  • 2 star
    (13%)
  • 1 star
    (18%)
4 out of 5 stars

it's a JEEP with luxury and sophistication !

Mike, 05/17/2017
2017 Jeep Cherokee Latitude 4dr SUV (2.4L 4cyl 9A)
it's a great vehicle over all ! worth the money, but make sure you seriously consider the V-6 ! The 4 cylinder lacks bite, and will leave you disappointed. I have the 2.4 cylinder right now and am truly wishing I had the six as the four seriously is sluggish and unresponsive. Not sure what JEEP was thinking putting this engine in a Cherokee...I will say If acceleration isn't that … important to you then the four will be fine for you. It does it's job, but for me not impressed ! I enjoy driving it as it's seats are comfortable and the ride is smooth for the most part. Have 10,000 miles on mine now and have no problems and changed the oil once. The 8.4 Connect is user friendly and easy to use, the auto climate dual climate control is nice and works well and maintains a comfortable cabin. Gas mileage is average for a SUV I guess, but not bad. I do love my JEPP and am not disappointed in it thus far. But, because of the engine I am trying to turn it in early as it is a lease to upgrade to a Trailhawk with the V-6 or get in a grand Cherokee if possible ! Stay away from the 4 cylinder if possible.....other then that I am not disappointed in the JEEP Cherokee, great SUV and is stylish, comfortable, and you will have a sense of pride driving your JEEP around !
Report abuse

Used 2015 Jeep Cherokee in Kyle, TX Values

Estimated values
2015 Jeep Cherokee Latitude 4dr SUV 4WD (2.4L 4cyl 9A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$5,866$8,585$10,366
Clean$5,592$8,166$9,838
Average$5,136$7,467$8,957
Rough$4,542$6,558$7,812

The average list price of a used 2015 Jeep Cherokee in Kyle, Texas is $15,176. The average mileage on a used Jeep Cherokee 2015 for sale in Kyle, Texas is 99,552. Based on the average mileage of 99,552 for used 2015 Jeep Cherokee for sale in Kyle, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Jeep Cherokee 2015 in Kyle, Texas to be $5,136.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.