Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
721 listings
  • $7,250
    great price
    • 104,277 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 21 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Happy Cars and Credit Center (17 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 17 miles away from Irving, TX

    2018 Ford Fusion SE Sedan 4Dgreat vehicle, decent miles, Runs great, Drives new. There is no known any mechanical issue,The best price around,. <&...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H70JR168719
    Stock: 168719
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $6,490
    great price
    • 134,546 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Happy Cars and Credit Center (17 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 17 miles away from Irving, TX

    2016 Ford Fusion SE Sedan 4DNo Accidents Reported<<<We are OPEN to all REASONABLE OFFERS !!!! >>>><<<>>><&lt...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H79GR355191
    Stock: GR355191
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • Not provided
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • Planet Ford Dallas Love Field (8 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    Our great-looking 2017 Ford Fusion SE Sedan is presented in Ingot Silver. Powered by a TurboCharged 1.5 Liter EcoBoost 4 Cylinder that offers 181hp co...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD5HR121511
    Stock: 121511
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-07-2024

  • New Listing
    • 89,352 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • Salvage Reseller West (8 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    This vehicle is located at American Canyon, CA Copart yard. Join our online auctions to see its final price. All purchases must take place online at w...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD3HR275408
    Stock: 59937265
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

    • 93,607 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 21 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (8 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    This vehicle is located at Abilene, TX Copart yard. Join our online auctions to see its final price. All purchases must take place online at www.salva...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H72HR157165
    Stock: 53752325
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 103,644 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • Salvage Reseller West (8 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    This vehicle is located at Portland, OR Copart yard. Join our online auctions to see its final price. All purchases must take place online at www.salv...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD2HR222327
    Stock: 41872625
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • New Listing
    • 111,889 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 21 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (8 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    This vehicle is located at Temple, TX Copart yard. Join our online auctions to see its final price. All purchases must take place online at www.salvag...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0G79HR154846
    Stock: 59110535
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 124,522 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • Salvage Reseller West (8 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    This vehicle is located at Anthony, TX Copart yard. Join our online auctions to see its final price. All purchases must take place online at www.salva...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD6HR119198
    Stock: 61693895
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • New Listing
    $3,800
    great price
    • 169,296 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 21 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (8 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    This vehicle is located at Oklahoma City, OK Copart yard. All purchases must take place online at www.salvagereseller.com. Visit our website to learn ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H75JR226467
    Stock: 58990295
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

    • 127,401 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (8 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    This vehicle is located at Antelope, CA Copart yard. All purchases must take place online at www.salvagereseller.com. Visit our website to learn more.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0K99GR329474
    Stock: 57308455
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-06-2025

  • $5,500
    great price
    • 106,067 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 21 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (8 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    This vehicle is located at Rancho Cucamonga, CA Copart yard. All purchases must take place online at www.salvagereseller.com. Visit our website to lea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD4JR171502
    Stock: 60150025
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • $13,990
    good price
    • 36,714 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 21 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Avenue Auto Group (5 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 5 miles away from Irving, TX

    *** BY APPOINTMENT ONLY *** 2018 Ford Fusion SE 4dr Sedan RED *** CLEAN CARFAX *** 1 OWNER NO ACCIDENT *** EcoBoost 1.5L I-4 gasoline direct injection...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD2JR285191
    Stock: A4366
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • New Listing
    • 153,779 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (8 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    This vehicle is located at San Antonio, TX Copart yard. All purchases must take place online at www.salvagereseller.com. Visit our website to learn mo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0K98GR164758
    Stock: 55609595
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • New Listing
    $2,850
    great price
    • 120,807 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • Salvage Reseller West (8 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    This vehicle is located at San Antonio, TX Copart yard. All purchases must take place online at www.salvagereseller.com. Visit our website to learn mo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD5JR252718
    Stock: 60549335
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 133,581 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 22 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (8 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    This vehicle is located at Houston, TX Copart yard. All purchases must take place online at www.salvagereseller.com. Visit our website to learn more.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0K91GR207434
    Stock: 61575175
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • $2,800
    great price
    • 104,565 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 21 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Salvage Reseller West (8 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Grand Prairie, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    This vehicle is located at San Diego, CA Copart yard. All purchases must take place online at www.salvagereseller.com. Visit our website to learn more...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H74JR220420
    Stock: 60254915
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $7,985
    good price
    • 137,114 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • Driveway (9 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 9 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,High Value Options,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Navigation System,Remote Start,Satel...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD9JR256674
    Stock: JR256674A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $7,500
    good price
    • 127,997 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Longhorn Auto Group (21 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Mansfield, TX / 21 miles away from Irving, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0HD0GR331920
    Stock: 331920
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 39,332 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • Carvana - Dallas (11 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Parking sensors
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 11 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H97GR252384
    Stock: 2003810160
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

    • 87,387 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 22 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Dallas (11 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 11 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H7XGR358567
    Stock: 2003808894
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

    • 94,391 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • CarMax Hulen Mall (28 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 28 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FA6P0H95GR365993
    Stock: 27072809
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 22 - 42 out of 721 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ford Fusion

Read recent reviews for the Ford Fusion
Overall Consumer Rating
3.7 out of 5 stars86 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 86 reviews
  • 5 star
    (50%)
  • 4 star
    (15%)
  • 3 star
    (7%)
  • 2 star
    (7%)
  • 1 star
    (21%)
5 out of 5 stars

German performance from an American sport sedan

Brent, 12/04/2017
2017 Ford Fusion Sport 4dr Sedan AWD (2.7L 6cyl Turbo 6A)
I have had the car for a little over 9 months. I had one repair - a known issue where the battery would drain overnight. Simple reprogramming with a software patch took care of it. The car is very quick given its weight - quicker than the 2008 BMW 328i that it replaced. Handling is similar to the BMW with the aid of the AWD. The only area it is not up to the 328's level is braking - the … brakes are pretty good for the Fusion Sport whereas the brakes on the 328i were excellent. The engine is outstanding overall. Plenty of power with a quick revving twin-turbo direct injection setup with very little turbo lag. The torque comes on strong just south of 3,000 RPM and stays flat until redline. This car really pulls! The transmission has been reliable, but it needs to be retuned with snappier shifts. It is not a bad transmission, but I would want it to shift quicker in Sport Mode. I have not had it past 120 MPH but it was still pulling hard at that point. At freeway speeds you need to be careful - if you floor the gas pedal you go from 60 MPH to 100 before you know it. Passing a car at full throttle can easily put you in triple digit speed before you realize it. This car could be a ticket-getter. The gas mileage is OK, but for the performance you get, it is well worth it. Cruise at 75 MPH on a level road and you can get nearly 30 MPG... but get your foot into it a lot and you can get down to 16 or so. I average about 22 MPG in combined commute driving. The interior is spacious, the electronics are very good. The sound system could use a bit of an upgrade with better speakers and a subwoofer, but it is decent as is. Seats are comfortable though not full leather. It is a quiet ride that can be a good commuter that just happens to have a lot of speed on tap, or in sport mode you can have it a bit more high-strung and have some serious fun. The trunk is large. Overall I feel happy with my 40 K purchase - I have a replacement for my 2008 328 I that is faster, quicker, handles just about as well even if it doesn't stop quite as short - and it was much cheaper than a 2017 BMW equivalent. It is nice to buy an American car that can compete with the Germans too.
Report abuse

Used 2018 Ford Fusion in Irving, TX Values

Estimated values
2018 Ford Fusion SE 4dr Sedan (2.5L 4cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$7,113$9,538$11,541
Clean$6,881$9,215$11,137
Average$6,493$8,677$10,463
Rough$5,990$7,977$9,588

The average list price of a used 2018 Ford Fusion in Irving, Texas is $7,493. The average mileage on a used Ford Fusion 2018 for sale in Irving, Texas is 104,775. Based on the average mileage of 104,775 for used 2018 Ford Fusion for sale in Irving, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Ford Fusion 2018 in Irving, Texas to be $6,493.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.