Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
860 listings
  • New Listing
    $22,200
    good price
    $4,230 below market
    • 131,391 miles
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • ZedMotors (297 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 297 miles away from Savannah, GA

    !!!WARRANTY AVAILABLE!!! Please visit our website at WWW.ZEDMOTORSNC.COM for a detailed Carfax report Clean Carfax Drives great Clean and well maintai...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4GKJ8GR348714
    Stock: 348714
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $25,950
    good price
    $2,145 below market
    • 107,895 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Suttle Buick GMC (436 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Newport News, VA / 436 miles away from Savannah, GA

    2016 Cadillac Escalade ESV Platinum Edition Black Raven LEATHER, NAVIGATION / GPS, REAR ENTERTAINMENT, CLEAN CARFAX REPORT, GM 172 POINT INSPECTION, P...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ3GR136945
    Stock: 451691Q
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

  • New Listing
    $25,999
    fair price
    $323 above market
    • 98,181 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Stokes Hodges Ford (109 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Graniteville, SC / 109 miles away from Savannah, GA

    This vehicle comes equipped with Driver Awareness Package (Forward Collision Alert, IntelliBeam Headlamps, and Lane Keep Assist), Preferred Equipment ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ5GR457794
    Stock: PC6330
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 140,288 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Capital Ford (298 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 298 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Clean Carfax, Local Trade, Sunroof, 3rd Row Seat.Your Powerhouse Dealer!Capital Ford of Raleigh is proud to provide reliable, honest and affordable se...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ1GR155760
    Stock: CC2F5873B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-23-2025

    • 72,995 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Richmond (433 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 433 miles away from Savannah, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ2GR461726
    Stock: 2003874622
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

  • $23,685
    great price
    $4,336 below market
    • 112,001 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Chevrolet Pembroke Pines (423 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pembroke Pines, FL / 423 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Sun/MoonroofLeather SeatsNavigation System3rd Row SeatLpo; All-Weather Floor Mats; 1St; 2Nd And 3Rd RowLpo; Polished Exhaust TipLpo; All-Weather...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ9HR180370
    Stock: HR180370
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

    • 106,883 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Automan Empire (473 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 473 miles away from Savannah, GA

    2016 CADILLAC ESCALADE ESV Luxury Collection with powerful 6.2L V8 WITH ACTIVE FUEL MANAGEMENT SPARK engine and driven only 106883 miles! Fully loaded...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ6GR294747
    Stock: 294747
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $16,990
    good price
    $1,604 below market
    • 158,390 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • South Florida Autos (415 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fort Lauderdale, FL / 415 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ0GR462592
    Stock: 462592
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $23,800
    good price
    $2,057 below market
    • 112,000 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • YS Automotive (432 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Mobile, AL / 432 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ7GR328420
    Stock: 328420
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 150,916 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Dan Cummins Chevrolet Buick of Paris (458 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Paris, KY / 458 miles away from Savannah, GA

    This 2015 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury 4x4 is being offered to you as an alternative to us taking to the auction. This Escalade is a comfortable, luxu...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ0FR181374
    Stock: 64500
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

  • $25,450
    great price
    $3,637 below market
    • 104,731 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Premier Automotive (497 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dumfries, VA / 497 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ8HR221541
    Stock: PA8222
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $19,900
    fair price
    $529 above market
    • 158,477 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Global Motorsports (219 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Gainesville, GA / 219 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ0GR408295
    Stock: 408295
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $16,466
    good price
    $3,582 below market
    • 159,859 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Classic Cadillac (228 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 228 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Vehicle DetailsPremium 2015 Cadillac Escalade ESV Platinum – Atlanta, GA. This AWD V8 powerhouse pairs a commanding 6.2L Gasoline/E85 engine w...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4UKJ1FR571750
    Stock: L8277A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-28-2025

    • 63,954 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Select Cars of Thornburg (469 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 469 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ1GR451469
    Stock: 451469A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 108,540 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Lucky Line Motors (474 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 474 miles away from Savannah, GA

    ***** WE FINANCE ***** 2015 CADILLAC ESCALADE ESV Luxury WITH CLEAN VEHICLE / VEHICLE LOADED WITH BACKUP CAMERA / SATELLITE RADIO / AUX&USB PORT / ALL...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4SKJ9FR556773
    Stock: LLM12233
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 167,596 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • CarPlug (482 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 482 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ0FR153243
    Stock: AC3537
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $24,990
    fair price
    $586 below market
    • 98,349 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Automaxx of the Carolinas (86 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Summerville, SC / 86 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Certified.Certification Program Details: 3 month/3000 Miles Certified Warranty2017 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium RWDCurrent Odometer 98349, *ONE O...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3JKJ1HR276393
    Stock: K3378
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-26-2025

  • $28,425
    fair price
    $311 below market
    • 110,575 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Dutch Miller Kia of Charlotte (211 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 211 miles away from Savannah, GA

    Vehicle DetailsExperience the pinnacle of luxury and performance with this stunning 2017 Cadillac Escalade ESV Platinum! This exceptional SUV combines...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ2HR361407
    Stock: K250444A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-23-2025

  • $26,995
    fair price
    $121 below market
    • 106,511 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Raleigh Imports (297 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 297 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ7HR167093
    Stock: 167093
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

  • $23,997
    good price
    $3,424 below market
    • 115,655 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • America's Car World (423 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Florence, AL / 423 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ5HR221738
    Stock: CB-221738
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,999
    good price
    $2,105 below market
    • 147,115 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • JB3 Auto Deal (424 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hollywood, FL / 424 miles away from Savannah, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ6HR191160
    Stock: JB1857
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 860 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV
Overall Consumer Rating
2.8 out of 5 stars22 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 22 reviews
  • 5 star
    (32%)
  • 4 star
    (5%)
  • 3 star
    (18%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (41%)
1 out of 5 stars

Stay Away, Transmission complete garbage

bbtx1987, 10/18/2019
2016 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 8A)
We bought our 2016 Escalade ESV new 3.5 years ago and have been PLAGUED with issues. Drove it off the lot and brought it back within 3 weeks complaining of rough transmission shifting at low speeds, steering wheel vibrations and a whining noise at high speeds. Car always 'within spec' so nothing the dealer could do. If we would of just returned the dang thing. Since then, we've had the … car in over 12 times complaining about the transmission alone. I've also had to have the rear HVAC controls replaced twice for controls not responding and rear seat warmers turning on by themselves, drivers seat replaced for failing controls, steering week column replaced, rear lift gate motor replaced as it died, the battery died and stranded me, rear shocks leaking and replaced at 33k miles, wood paneling replaced from bending out of place, lane assist recalibrated.... And the kicker... all those times I complained about the transmission, I had GUNK in the transmission fluid at 33k miles - that needed replaced. Now we are ditching this hunk of junk for something more reliable given we believe the transmission is faulty and irreversibly damage given we've been complaining since we drove the car off the lot. DO NOT WASTE YOU MONEY, we are pissed at the quality of this crap GM product with how much we spent. We filed a complaint with GM and they just wanted to 'assist us with getting it fixed with the dealer.' Thanks, but no thanks. I can schedule taking my car into the dealer for the 20+ time on my own, as I have for the entire 3.5 years we've owned the thing. Worst car I've ever owned - never had this many issues on my other cars combined!
Report abuse

Used 2016 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Savannah, GA Values

Estimated values
2016 Cadillac Escalade ESV Standard 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$15,029$18,424$20,851
Clean$14,549$17,794$20,091
Average$13,749$16,743$18,824
Rough$12,710$15,377$17,177

The average list price of a used 2016 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Savannah, Georgia is $22,861. The average mileage on a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2016 for sale in Savannah, Georgia is 120,586. Based on the average mileage of 120,586 for used 2016 Cadillac Escalade ESV for sale in Savannah, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2016 in Savannah, Georgia to be $13,749.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.