Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
238 listings
  • $55,950
    fair price
    $1,146 above market
    • 37,455 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • Genuine Motor Company (8 mi away)
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 8 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    This stunning Slate Grey Metallic Porsche Carrera S Cabriolet has been driven only 37,455 careful miles! Loaded with equipment including, powerful 355...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0CB29987S775536
    Stock: 775536
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-11-2025

  • $36,995
    fair price
    $2,080 above market
    • 25,551 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • West Coast Auto Works - Everett (173 mi away)
    • Rear seat upholstery...
    • Multi-function remot...
    • Heated door mirrors
    • Power driver seat co...
    • Rear seat folding po...
    Close

    Located in Everett, WA / 173 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0CA2997YS650838
    Stock: 12260
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $50,585
    fair price
    $1,235 above market
    • 32,809 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 2,327 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    Low Mileage,Rare Find,Premium Sound,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,6-Speed M/T,A/C,ABS,Adjustable Steering Wheel,Aluminum Wheels,AM/FM Stereo,Brake Actuated Limi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0CA29997S765178
    Stock: 7S765178R
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 64,981 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Beaverton Nissan (8 mi away)
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Soft Top
    Close

    Located in Beaverton, OR / 8 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    2001 Porsche 911 Carrera 2D Cabriolet Silver RWD 3.4L H6 SMPI DOHCClean CARFAX. Odometer is 21802 miles below market average!4 Speakers, Alloy wheels,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0CA29981S654774
    Stock: T654774
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2024

    • 3,126 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Grand Prix Motors (7 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 7 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    Check out this 2023! It delivers the leisure of top down wind through the hair motoring in a fully competent sport oriented and luxurious package! The...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0CB2A95PS248131
    Stock: 248131
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

    • 3,360 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Porsche Beaverton (8 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Beaverton, OR / 8 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    Porsche Beaverton has been serving the Portland area since 1980. Our family of enthusiasts welcomes you to Oregon s oldest, most-awarded Porsche deale...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2A97PS220564
    Stock: P9509
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

    • 73,567 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 8 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl manual
    • Diplomat Motors (16 mi away)
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Troutdale, OR / 16 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    Vehicle Details:- Year: 2005- Make: Porsche- Model: 911- Trim: Carrera Coupe 2D- Drivetrain: RWD- Title: Clean- Engine: 6-Cyl, 3.6 Liter- Mileage: 73,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA29935S716983
    Stock: 716983
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 100 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Quality Auto Center (167 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 167 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    Visit our website Qautocenter.com for a Walkaround Video, Window Sticker, Carfax, and more Photos. Clean CARFAX.Video walk-around available: https://w...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0CB2A94PS247651
    Stock: 247651
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 6,321 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Seaside, CA / 609 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,N...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AC2A9XPS270064
    Stock: PS270064P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 99,019 miles
    • No accidents, 8 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl manual
    • Duffy's Auto Brokerage (135 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Auburn, WA / 135 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    PLEASE ONLY CALL OUR PORSCHE SPECIALIST. 206.650.7322 (TIM)*LOW MILES* *2002 PORSCHE 911 TWIN TURBO* *POLAR SILVER METALLIC* *AWD* *AUTO* *3.6L FLAT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB29922S685136
    Stock: 11758
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-10-2023

    • 38,400 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • Grand Prix Motors (7 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 7 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    Your satisfaction is our business! Come test drive this 2007 Porsche 911! A great car and a great value! A turbocharger is also included as an economi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AD29907S783793
    Stock: 783793
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

    • 30,376 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • Grand Prix Motors (7 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 7 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    Take command of the road in the 2007 Porsche 911! It just arrived on our lot this past week! With just over 30,000 miles on the odometer, this car com...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA29937S710345
    Stock: 710345
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

    • 41,773 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • Daytona Motor Co (167 mi away)
    • Leather seats
    • Sunroof
    • Multi-Function Remot...
    • Side Mirrors - Heate...
    • Premium audio
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 167 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    2000 PORSCHE 911 CARRERA – Rear-Wheel Drive, 6-Speed Manual Transmission CLEAN title, iconic air-cooled flat-six engine, smooth 6-speed manual gearbo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0CA299XYS651403
    Stock: 651403
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

    • 38,749 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • Genuine Motor Company (8 mi away)
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 8 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    This stunning Porsche Glacier Silver Carrera Cabriolet has been driven inly 38,749 easy miles! Equipped just how you want with a powerful 3.8-liter mo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0CA29987S765866
    Stock: 765866
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

  • $65,900
    fair price
    $3,454 below market
    • 45,001 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • Grand Prix Motors (7 mi away)
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 7 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    Come test drive this 2006 Porsche 911! This model delivers an exhilarating ride without compromising ultimate luxury! Porsche prioritized practicality...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB29966S740600
    Stock: 740600
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • $194,991
    fair price
    $353 above market
    • 2,500 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Seaside, CA / 609 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0CB2A94RS245045
    Stock: RS245045P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 2,018 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • Grand Prix Motors (7 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 7 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    2024 Porsche 911 GT3 Touring 1-Owner 2,017 miles 6-speed Manual PCCB Agate Grey Metallic Full Bucket Seats Front Axle Lift System Chrono Package Sport...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AC2A93RS263735
    Stock: 263735
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

    • 4,946 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Seaside, CA / 609 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2A98RS279853
    Stock: RS279853P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 981 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automated manual
    • Larson Porsche of Tacoma (127 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fife, WA / 127 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    Certified. White 2024 Porsche 911 Carrera T RWD 8-Speed Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK) 3.0L H6 Turbocharged DOHC 24V LEV3-ULEV70 379hp Roof Lining in Ra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2A96RS209951
    Stock: P2391B
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 10-02-2024

    • 2,480 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • Auto Connections Of Bellevue (155 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Bellevue, WA / 155 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    * ONLY 2K MILES ON THIS ABSOLUTELY BEAUTIFUL 911 TARGA 4 GTS * RARE 7-SPEED MANUAL TRANSMISSION * AS-NEW INSIDE AND OUT * BALANCE OF FULL PORSCHE FACT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0BB2A92RS233021
    Stock: S20605
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-18-2025

    • 48,500 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl manual
    • Grand Prix Motors (7 mi away)
    • Leather Seats
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 7 miles away from Lake Oswego, OR

    Step into the 2006 Porsche 911! Feature-packed and decked out! This 2 door, 4 passenger convertible has not yet reached the 50,000 mile mark! Porsche ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0CB29946S767934
    Stock: 767934
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

Showing 190 - 210 out of 238 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche 911

Read recent reviews for the Porsche 911
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars26 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 26 reviews
  • 5 star
    (77%)
  • 4 star
    (12%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (8%)
  • 1 star
    (4%)
5 out of 5 stars

A Porsche Lovers Car

N. Adame, 03/12/2018
2014 Porsche 911 Carrera 2dr Coupe (3.4L 6cyl 7M)
Driving my 911 is the highlight of my day. My first Porsche was a 1995 Porsche 993 and my 991 is every bit as fun to drive. I don't buy Porsche for comfort, tech gimmicks, nor appropriately sized cup holders, I get that from my Lexus sedan. I own a Porsche for its racing history, performance, and responsiveness. The 991 handles as superbly on a road trip at 100 mph as it does on the … streets in traffic. The acceleration for this base model is more than enough for where I live in the suburbs. I would recommend the S or Turbo if you need more speed or want to impress your friends. The "rough ride" should tell you that you're driving a true sports car, not an German sedan that goes fast in a straight line while you search the web and talk on the cell phone. Porsche enthusiast will appreciate the value in the 911, all others need not apply.
Report abuse

Used 2007 Porsche 911 in Lake Oswego, OR Values

Estimated values
2007 Porsche 911 Carrera S 2dr Convertible (3.8L 6cyl 6M) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$46,191$54,538$59,312
Clean$43,259$50,935$55,243
Average$38,372$44,930$48,461
Rough$32,018$37,123$39,644

The average list price of a used 2007 Porsche 911 in Lake Oswego, Oregon is $125,164. The average mileage on a used Porsche 911 2007 for sale in Lake Oswego, Oregon is 28,667. Based on the average mileage of 28,667 for used 2007 Porsche 911 for sale in Lake Oswego, OR and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche 911 2007 in Lake Oswego, Oregon to be $38,372.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.