Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
4,466 listings
    • 132,947 miles
    • 3 accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Easy Finance Auto Sales (439 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 439 miles away from Picayune, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8TH3F5383388
    Stock: 383388
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • New Listing
    $21,499
    fair price
    $486 above market
    • 105,094 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • North Georgia Auto Brokers (398 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Snellville, GA / 398 miles away from Picayune, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF4F5375346
    Stock: 5346Akr
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 49,290 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Memphis (313 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 313 miles away from Picayune, MS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8TH6H5264687
    Stock: 2003758014
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

    • 105,000 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Covert Ford (480 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 480 miles away from Picayune, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF6F5318470
    Stock: 2250840B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • Advertisement

    5 Offers Nearby

    2025 Ford Mustang
    $31,920
    starting MSRP
    • 9 Colors
    • 5 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    Current Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) for base vehicle. Excludes destination/delivery fee plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any dealer processing charge, any electronic filing charge, and any emission testing charge. Optional equipment not included. Starting A/X/Z Plan price is for qualified, eligible customers and excludes document fee, destination/delivery charge, taxes, title, and registration. Not all vehicles qualify for A/X/Z Plan.
  • New Listing
    $16,731
    fair price
    $382 above market
    • 76,222 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Crain Chevrolet (323 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Little Rock, AR / 323 miles away from Picayune, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8TH3F5350472
    Stock: 5CT1111A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

    • 66,828 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Atlanta (378 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 378 miles away from Picayune, MS

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8AMXH5308934
    Stock: 2003754204
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-26-2025

  • $23,000
    fair price
    • 109,261 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Texas Autos Direct (436 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Mesquite, TX / 436 miles away from Picayune, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF2H5276107
    Stock: 276107
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

  • $14,999
    fair price
    $214 below market
    • 91,599 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Florida Bama Auto Sales (312 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Sheffield, AL / 312 miles away from Picayune, MS

    NEW TIRES AND A 90 DAY FREE FREE FREE FREE. WARRANTY ARE INCLUDED ON ALL OF OUR USED VEHICLES! SUPER LOW MILES SPORTS PACKAGE !!!!! PLEASE COME TAKE A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8TH9F5417060
    Stock: FB000933
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • Advertisement

    5 Offers Nearby

    2025 Ford Mustang
    $31,920
    starting MSRP
    • 9 Colors
    • 5 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    Current Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) for base vehicle. Excludes destination/delivery fee plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any dealer processing charge, any electronic filing charge, and any emission testing charge. Optional equipment not included. Starting A/X/Z Plan price is for qualified, eligible customers and excludes document fee, destination/delivery charge, taxes, title, and registration. Not all vehicles qualify for A/X/Z Plan.
  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $18,658
    fair price
    $440 above market
    • 88,668 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Pine Belt Chevrolet (51 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Hattiesburg, MS / 51 miles away from Picayune, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FATP8UH9H5204470
    Stock: 4UC8570
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $33,158
    fair price
    $697 above market
    • 13,750 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Edwards Chevrolet 280 (263 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 263 miles away from Picayune, MS

    Thank you for visiting my website. Let me help you find the perfect vehicle. Contact me if you have questions.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF3F5373538
    Stock: F5373538
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $28,272
    fair price
    $327 above market
    • 63,729 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Cleveland Ford (419 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, TN / 419 miles away from Picayune, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF0F5312969
    Stock: TF5312969
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-22-2025

    • 70,730 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Tyler DriveTime (355 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tyler, TX / 355 miles away from Picayune, MS

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FATP8UH4H5339436
    Stock: 1040292357
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • Advertisement

    5 Offers Nearby

    2025 Ford Mustang
    $31,920
    starting MSRP
    • 9 Colors
    • 5 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    Current Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) for base vehicle. Excludes destination/delivery fee plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any dealer processing charge, any electronic filing charge, and any emission testing charge. Optional equipment not included. Starting A/X/Z Plan price is for qualified, eligible customers and excludes document fee, destination/delivery charge, taxes, title, and registration. Not all vehicles qualify for A/X/Z Plan.
    • 67,169 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • RPM Garage (453 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 453 miles away from Picayune, MS

    RPM Garage is a specialty car dealership conveniently located off I-35E in Dallas, Texas. With over 100 cars in stock, and new inventory arriving ever...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF5F5376053
    Stock: 376053
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,885
    fair price
    $331 above market
    • 30,120 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • AutoNation Ford Jacksonville (485 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 485 miles away from Picayune, MS

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: all new tires! Transmission: 6-Speed Selectshift AutomaticReverse Sensing SystemKeyl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8TH6H5353238
    Stock: H5353238
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-07-2025

    • 91,597 miles
    • Water damage reported, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • CarONE Auto (442 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Garland, TX / 442 miles away from Picayune, MS

    This vehicle is: PERSONAL VEHICLEComes with 5 Years Maintenance plan included for free!This means you get FREE oil change, filters change, 5 fluids, a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF4F5350284
    Stock: 2629-I
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-30-2025

    • 37,147 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Hiley Mazda of Arlington (459 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Arlington, TX / 459 miles away from Picayune, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF7F5356063
    Stock: V74625G
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

  • Advertisement

    5 Offers Nearby

    2025 Ford Mustang
    $31,920
    starting MSRP
    • 9 Colors
    • 5 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    Current Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) for base vehicle. Excludes destination/delivery fee plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any dealer processing charge, any electronic filing charge, and any emission testing charge. Optional equipment not included. Starting A/X/Z Plan price is for qualified, eligible customers and excludes document fee, destination/delivery charge, taxes, title, and registration. Not all vehicles qualify for A/X/Z Plan.
    • 120,916 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Auto Boutique Texas (342 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Alvin, TX / 342 miles away from Picayune, MS

    Auto Boutique is proud to offer excellent, pre-owned vehicles. With our no haggle pricing policy you can be sure you are getting the best deal possibl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF3H5329865
    Stock: P25377
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 75,166 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Clay Cooley Hyundai of Mesquite (437 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Mesquite, TX / 437 miles away from Picayune, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8TH5F5391346
    Stock: F5391346
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

    • 71,167 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • HGreg.com Houston (353 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 353 miles away from Picayune, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8CF1F5301317
    Stock: 5301317
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-27-2024

  • New Listing
    $16,995
    fair price
    $19 below market
    • 70,571 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • Hoover Toyota (254 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 254 miles away from Picayune, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8AM9H5301781
    Stock: TH5301781
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-30-2025

    • 92,226 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Fast Wheels (450 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 450 miles away from Picayune, MS

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1FA6P8TH2F5342525
    Stock: 50017
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

Showing 211 - 231 out of 4,466 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ford Mustang

Read recent reviews for the Ford Mustang
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars98 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 98 reviews
  • 5 star
    (70%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (7%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (4%)
4.88 out of 5 stars

love this car

john dragoo, 03/02/2015
2015 Ford Mustang EcoBoost 2dr Coupe (2.3L 4cyl Turbo 6M)
I have had my mustang for 2 months now. This is a home run. I get 25 MG in city driving on premium fuel. I had a V6 2012 and there is no comparison. I drive it in sport mode and there is plenty of pep. Love the premium interior. Can,t believe I got so much car for 31K.
Report abuse

Used 2015 Ford Mustang in Picayune, MS Values

Estimated values
2015 Ford Mustang EcoBoost Premium 2dr Coupe (2.3L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$10,501$12,759$14,281
Clean$10,063$12,181$13,584
Average$9,333$11,217$12,421
Rough$8,384$9,964$10,910

The average list price of a used 2015 Ford Mustang in Picayune, Mississippi is $21,071. The average mileage on a used Ford Mustang 2015 for sale in Picayune, Mississippi is 77,581. Based on the average mileage of 77,581 for used 2015 Ford Mustang for sale in Picayune, MS and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Ford Mustang 2015 in Picayune, Mississippi to be $9,333.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.