Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
236 listings
  • Price Drop
    • 75,432 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 395 miles away from Boydton, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF4H9644468
    Stock: 2003921187
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-31-2025

    • 67,608 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Karma of Fuquay (75 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fuquay-Varina, NC / 75 miles away from Boydton, VA

    LEATHER, SUNROOF, NAVIGATION, BACKUP CAMERA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF6K9687829
    Stock: 687829
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-23-2025

    • 98,352 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,264 miles away from Boydton, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF5H9646360
    Stock: 2004022971
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-01-2025

    • 81,585 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carflex Auto (175 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 175 miles away from Boydton, VA

    One Owner, Clean Title, Primarily highway miles, 4x4, Fully Loaded, Leather, Sun Roof, Backup Camera, Bluetooth, Factory GPS, Available Satellite Radi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NCXH9430025
    Stock: 430025
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 86,919 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • JT Auto Group (98 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sanford, NC / 98 miles away from Boydton, VA

    2017 INFINITI QX80 Base *3RD SEAT, *BLUE TOOTH READY, *HEATED SEATS, *KEYLESS ENTRY, *LEATHER SEATS, *MOONROOF, *NAVIGATION, *NEW TIRES, *SATELITE RAD...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF4H9646639
    Stock: 101280
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

    • 130,986 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Route 1 Motorsports (126 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 126 miles away from Boydton, VA

    ***COMING SOON, GOING THROUGH POST SALE INSPECTION*** WE FINANCE EVERYONE ***2017 INFINITI QX80 with powerful 5.6L V8 W/VVEL & DIG engine and driven ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF0H9640112
    Stock: ONE1235
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $24,995
    fair price
    $678 below market
    • 78,369 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Expo (156 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 156 miles away from Boydton, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE7K9234049
    Stock: 234049
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $21,998
    good price
    $3,778 below market
    • 122,999 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • All City Auto Sales (168 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Indian Trail, NC / 168 miles away from Boydton, VA

    ACI * * Vehicle is located at 13607 Independence Blvd, Indian Trail NC 28079 * *Any Questions? Feel free to contact us. 30+ Pictures and vehicle histo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE9J9192269
    Stock: 92269
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2025

  • $25,900
    good price
    $3,611 below market
    • 80,928 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Premier Auto Group (54 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Durham, NC / 54 miles away from Boydton, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE8J9194496
    Stock: 7831
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,995
    fair price
    $1,659 below market
    • 102,964 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • East Coast Auto Sales (127 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Virginia Beach, VA / 127 miles away from Boydton, VA

    We have for sale a very nice 2018 Infiniti QX80 AWD with Navigation and Back Up Camera !!! This QX80 AWD is in excellent condition inside and out and ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE1J9190970
    Stock: 190970
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-05-2024

  • Price Drop
    $29,570
    fair price
    $1,409 below market
    • 62,253 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Sheehy INFINITI of Annapolis (194 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Annapolis, MD / 194 miles away from Boydton, VA

    2018 INFINITI QX80 4WD at Sheehy INFINITI of Annapolis! This QX80 has an exterior color of Mineral Black with Wheat Leather interior. This preowned IN...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NC8J9440624
    Stock: R15499A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 08-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $27,395
    fair price
    $514 below market
    • 85,329 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • VA Cars Super Center (81 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 81 miles away from Boydton, VA

    2020 INFINITI QX80 LUXE Graphite Shadow RWD 7-Speed Automatic 5.6L V8 BLUETOOTH, MP3- USB / I-POD READY, APPLE CARPLAY, ANDROID AUTO, LANE KEEP ASSIST...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF1L9704750
    Stock: 5368
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $30,590
    fair price
    $789 above market
    • 78,747 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Richmond (81 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 81 miles away from Boydton, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE6L9255380
    Stock: 2003984611
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-26-2025

  • $25,891
    fair price
    $62 below market
    • 97,837 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • i40 Auto (97 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Greensboro, NC / 97 miles away from Boydton, VA

    Hermosa Blue 2020 INFINITI QX80 LUXE RWD 7-Speed Automatic 5.6L V8 Blind Spot Intervention (BSI), Intelligent Cruise Control, Lane Departure Preventio...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF4L9704600
    Stock: I704600
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 87,416 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 652 miles away from Boydton, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NC6J9440962
    Stock: 2004068417
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-18-2025

  • $18,999
    fair price
    $532 above market
    • 124,372 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carland Auto Sales (112 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Portsmouth, VA / 112 miles away from Boydton, VA

    2018 INFINITI QX80 ??FINANCING AVAILABLE?? www.carlandva.com Carland Auto Sales Inc 2530 Airline Blvd Portsmouth VA 23701 Phone: 7*** 124k miles 3rd...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE0J9192841
    Stock: 192841
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-06-2025

    • 101,346 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,076 miles away from Boydton, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NFXJ9660163
    Stock: 2003984400
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 100,717 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 523 miles away from Boydton, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF5J9665240
    Stock: 2004024835
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 86,084 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 340 miles away from Boydton, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NE2J9192307
    Stock: 2004059784
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2025

    • 119,022 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Smithfield Auto Center (79 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Smithfield, NC / 79 miles away from Boydton, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2ND2J9840302
    Stock: 25162
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

    • 80,958 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Your Kar Company (119 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Norfolk, VA / 119 miles away from Boydton, VA

    (( THIRD ROW SEATING )) Your Kar Company is a family-owned dealership with over 35 years of experience, offering quality vehicles at discounted prices...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JN8AZ2NF5J9663973
    Stock: 663973
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-06-2025

Showing 64 - 84 out of 236 listings

Consumer Reviews for the INFINITI QX80

Read recent reviews for the INFINITI QX80
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars11 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 11 reviews
  • 5 star
    (64%)
  • 4 star
    (9%)
  • 3 star
    (9%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (18%)
5 out of 5 stars

Lots of comfort and lots of room

Trenton Cogdill, 01/14/2017
2014 INFINITI QX80 4dr SUV 4WD (5.6L 8cyl 7A)
I bought new in 2014 totally loaded. I am 6 ft 6 in tall and this is the only luxury SUV with adequate headroom without tilting the seat back. I have taken 5 hour trips with 4 adults and two children in total comfort. Voice operated navigation is great. Absolutely no mechanical issues in 55000 miles. I am 71 years old and this is by far my favorite vehicle. Better than Cadillac, … Mercedes, and BMW that I have owned.
Report abuse

Used 2017 INFINITI QX80 in Boydton, VA Values

Estimated values
2017 INFINITI QX80 4dr SUV (5.6L 8cyl 7A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$14,604$17,008$18,850
Clean$14,196$16,510$18,274
Average$13,515$15,680$17,313
Rough$12,629$14,601$16,064

The average list price of a used 2017 INFINITI QX80 in Boydton, Virginia is $24,642. The average mileage on a used INFINITI QX80 2017 for sale in Boydton, Virginia is 92,868. Based on the average mileage of 92,868 for used 2017 INFINITI QX80 for sale in Boydton, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used INFINITI QX80 2017 in Boydton, Virginia to be $13,515.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.