Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,915 listings
    • 49,970 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Thomas & Son (336 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Zephyrhills, FL / 336 miles away from Macon, GA

    PRICING DISCLOSURE: NO HIDDEN FEES! THE LISTED PRICE IS SUBJECT TO TAX, TAG, TITLE, AND TAG AGENCY ($29.95). TRANSPARENT PRICING SINCE 1969! BACK-UP C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPABL2MM251474
    Stock: 251474-189
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-08-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • Not provided
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 26 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Westshore Mazda (349 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 349 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPAML3M1307063
    Stock: 1120880B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • New Listing
    • 41,856 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Naperville, IL / 662 miles away from Macon, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPACL9M1307389
    Stock: 27344953
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 95,224 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 23 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Laurel, MD / 582 miles away from Macon, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPBAY4M1312214
    Stock: 27284234
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,350
    great price
    $3,466 below market
    • 28,179 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota of Tampa Bay (342 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 342 miles away from Macon, GA

    NATIONWIDE LIFETIME WARRANTY!! FREE HOME DELIVERY UP TO 75 MILES!! ANDROID AUTO, APPLE CARPLAY, BACK UP CAMERA, LEATHER SEATING, NAVIGATION, POWER DRI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPALMXP1609688
    Stock: 609688
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-08-2024

    • 104,000 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Outlet Of Greenville (412 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Greenville, NC / 412 miles away from Macon, GA

    This Sedan has a CLEAN TITLE, on top of that an implied warranty is included.The Original Owner has cared for this Mazda since it was new and the auto...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPAAL2M1307897
    Stock: 02513
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $25,817
    great price
    $2,751 below market
    • 4,822 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Naples Mazda (476 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Naples, FL / 476 miles away from Macon, GA

    ***Mazda Factory Certified***7 Years x 100K Warranty, including Roadside Assistance*** Clean CARFAX. Mazda3 2.5 S Carbon Edition, 4D Hatchback, SKYACT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPBLM2S1751516
    Stock: L751516
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 47,564 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Hickory Used Car Superstore (242 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hickory, NC / 242 miles away from Macon, GA

    Only 47,564 Miles! Boasts 34 Highway MPG and 26 City MPG! This Mazda Mazda3 Hatchback boasts a Regular Unleaded I-4 2.5 L/152 engine powering this Aut...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPAML5M1329047
    Stock: H01555
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

    • 64,165 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Motor Car Concepts II (322 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Apopka, FL / 322 miles away from Macon, GA

    The price listed is the DOWN PAYMENT ONLY. The total sales price will vary. FOR FINANCING WE OFFER INTEREST RATES AS LOW AS 2.99% WITH QUALIFIED CREDI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPAAL5M1315881
    Stock: 315881
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-14-2024

  • Price Drop
    $21,999
    great price
    $2,008 below market
    • 14,436 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Lakeland Toyota (349 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Lakeland, FL / 349 miles away from Macon, GA

    **CLEAN HISTORY REPORT, **ONE OWNER, **REMAINDER OF THE FACTORY WARRANTY, **FULLY SERVICED BY A FACTORY TRAINED TECHNICIAN, **SERVICE RECORDS AVAILLAB...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPAKM3R1708714
    Stock: R1708714
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

    • 22,961 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Works (169 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Greer, SC / 169 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPALM1P1623284
    Stock: 623284
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • $27,688
    great price
    $2,092 below market
    • 8,541 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Oxmoor Mazda (384 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Louisville, KY / 384 miles away from Macon, GA

    Vehicle Detailsthe vehicle has gone through a stringent manufacturer pre-owned certification process, including a meticulous mechanical and reconditio...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPBYY3R1705179
    Stock: ML8654
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $20,595
    great price
    $1,246 below market
    • 14,646 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 26 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Mazda Lakeland (351 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Lakeland, FL / 351 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (26 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPAKM5P1613763
    Stock: 01613763
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • $17,399
    great price
    $1,596 below market
    • 81,257 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Kia AutoSport (68 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Columbus, GA / 68 miles away from Macon, GA

    2023 Mazda Mazda3 2.5 S Select Package with a ONE OWNER, CLEAN, and ACCIDENT-FREE CARFAX!! This 2023 Mazda Mazda3 2.5 S Select Package is in GREAT SHA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPABM9PM354226
    Stock: CP356226
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $21,991
    great price
    $2,248 below market
    • 11,269 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 27 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Headquarter Mazda (326 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Clermont, FL / 326 miles away from Macon, GA

    **MAZDA CERTIFIED!! 7 YEAR/100K WARRANTY**BUY WITH PEACE OF MIND!!, **1 OWNER CLEAN CARFAX**. Odometer is 8554 miles below market average! 27/35 City/...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPALM7R1707211
    Stock: SN126556A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    $20,058
    great price
    $3,063 below market
    • 44,369 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 23 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Arrigo CDJR of West Palm Beach (480 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in West Palm Beach, FL / 480 miles away from Macon, GA

    Machine Gray Metallic 2022 Mazda Mazda3 2.5 Turbo AWD 6-Speed Automatic I4 Mazda3 2.5 Turbo, 4D Sedan, I4, 6-Speed Automatic, AWD, Machine Gray Meta...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPBAY4NM302591
    Stock: C302352A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,327
    great price
    $2,136 below market
    • 53,856 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Lakeland (349 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Lakeland, FL / 349 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (25 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPBMLXN1501080
    Stock: 412337689
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $17,994
    great price
    $1,957 below market
    • 54,535 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Car Heroes (350 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Seffner, FL / 350 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPABMXPM359659
    Stock: 3994
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-09-2025

  • New Listing
    $20,995
    great price
    $2,276 below market
    • 21,985 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 27 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • JZ Auto Sales (83 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 83 miles away from Macon, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (27 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPACM1RM414422
    Stock: 414422
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $18,206
    great price
    $2,045 below market
    • 54,762 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Englewood Ford (420 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Englewood, FL / 420 miles away from Macon, GA

    SNOWFLAKE WHITE PEARL MICABLACK, LEATHERETTE SEAT TRIM

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MZBPABM6PM361067
    Stock: PM361067
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-20-2025

  • $26,990
    great price
    $1,471 below market
    • 3,991 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Nelson Mazda (255 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Murfreesboro, TN / 255 miles away from Macon, GA

    **MAZDA CERTIFIED PRE OWNED**, **LEATHER SEATS**, **HEATED SEATS**, **SUNROOF/MOONROOF**.We designed the Nelson Difference to make a believer out of y...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JM1BPBLMXS1750033
    Stock: 22228P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-10-2025

Showing 1,576 - 1,596 out of 1,915 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mazda 3

Read recent reviews for the Mazda 3
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars114 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 114 reviews
  • 5 star
    (57%)
  • 4 star
    (32%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (1%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
4.63 out of 5 stars

So Far an excellent car

minichrt1, 07/16/2012
2012 Mazda 3 i Touring 4dr Hatchback w/SKYACTIV-G (2.0L 4cyl 6M)
To keep this short and sweet my wife gets almost 500 miles per 11 gallons of fuel. It is a 14 gallon tank so when the fuel light goes on there should be 3 gallons left but it is hard to ignore the fuel light and the range being under 40 miles. Best example of mileage that we have repeated more than once... 60 mph in 6th gear on a straight and level stretch or road with the cruise control … and AC on with 4 people in the car 44.7 mpg turn off the ac and it goes up to 47mpg. This is not drafting and the instant mpg readout will hold steady as long as the road is level.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Mazda 3 in Macon, GA Values

Estimated values
2021 Mazda 3 Select 4dr Sedan (2.5L 4cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$15,942$18,148$20,367
Clean$15,529$17,660$19,799
Average$14,840$16,846$18,853
Rough$13,945$15,789$17,624

The average list price of a used 2021 Mazda 3 in Macon, Georgia is $20,654. The average mileage on a used Mazda 3 2021 for sale in Macon, Georgia is 41,119. Based on the average mileage of 41,119 for used 2021 Mazda 3 for sale in Macon, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda 3 2021 in Macon, Georgia to be $14,840.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.