Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
824 listings
    • 141,127 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 3 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • TN Auto Sales (32 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 32 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW2K7AJ0CM391118
    Stock: 1118
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 124,732 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Cherokee Auto Sales (174 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    Close

    Located in Acworth, GA / 174 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    *ALL CREDIT ACCEPTED! COME IN TODAY ****Transportation is available to the dealership. CHECK OUT OUR COMPLETE INVENTORY WWW.CHEROKEEAUTO.COM CALL 7...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWDP7AJ7CM110734
    Stock: 110734
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

    • 114,847 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 34 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Paniagua Auto Mall (130 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    Close

    Located in Dalton, GA / 130 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW1K7AJ5CM350656
    Stock: 12227
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 136,690 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 6 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 30 City / 42 Hwy MPG
    • Ride and Drive Madison (36 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Madison, TN / 36 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/42 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWLL7AJ1CM367170
    Stock: 367170B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-04-2025

  • Advertisement

    4 Offers Nearby

    2025 Volkswagen Jetta
    $21,995*
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 4 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    * Starting MSRP of $21,995 for a 2025 Jetta S 1.5L TSI® with 8-speed automatic transmission. Prices exclude destination, taxes, title, other options, and dealer charges. Dealer sets actual price.
    • 104,731 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Germantown (172 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 172 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW2K7AJXEM207922
    Stock: 26771098
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 76,177 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Roswell (186 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Roswell, GA / 186 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWD07AJ4EM336477
    Stock: 27181059
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    • 30,472 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Long Hyundai (107 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    Close

    Located in Chattanooga, TN / 107 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    CARFAX One-Owner.Black 2012 Volkswagen Jetta 2.5L SE Convenience & Sunroof 4D Sedan FWD 2.5L 5-Cylinder DOHC 6-Speed Automatic

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWDX7AJXCM355494
    Stock: 355494P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $5,950
    great price
    $2,821 below market
    • 94,339 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 30 City / 42 Hwy MPG
    • OB Auto (173 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Olive Branch, MS / 173 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/42 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWLL7AJ9DM432736
    Stock: 432736
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-01-2024

  • Advertisement

    4 Offers Nearby

    2025 Volkswagen Jetta
    $21,995*
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 4 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    * Starting MSRP of $21,995 for a 2025 Jetta S 1.5L TSI® with 8-speed automatic transmission. Prices exclude destination, taxes, title, other options, and dealer charges. Dealer sets actual price.
  • $5,495
    great price
    $1,712 below market
    • 130,990 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Atlanta Elite Motorsports (197 mi away)
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Gainesville, GA / 197 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWDX7AJ6DM391250
    Stock: 391250
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-17-2024

  • $6,900
    good price
    $1,326 below market
    • 86,040 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Paniagua Auto Mall (130 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Dalton, GA / 130 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW2K7AJXDM271263
    Stock: 12495
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $5,890
    good price
    $1,132 below market
    • 143,035 miles
    • 30 City / 42 Hwy MPG
    • Multi Group Automotive (196 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Doraville, GA / 196 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    2013 Volkswagen Jetta TDI 4dr Sedan 6A w/Premium 2.0L I4 Turbocharger, Automatic Transmission, Power Windows, Power Mirrors, Sunroof, AUX, Good Tires,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/42 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWLL7AJ8DM351745
    Stock: 351745
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

  • $7,445
    fair price
    $478 below market
    • 105,186 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 23 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • United Global Imports (185 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    • Post-collision safet...
    Close

    Located in Cumming, GA / 185 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW2K7AJ5DM220513
    Stock: 3351
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    4 Offers Nearby

    2025 Volkswagen Jetta
    $21,995*
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 4 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    * Starting MSRP of $21,995 for a 2025 Jetta S 1.5L TSI® with 8-speed automatic transmission. Prices exclude destination, taxes, title, other options, and dealer charges. Dealer sets actual price.
  • New Listing
    $5,995
    good price
    $841 below market
    • 114,856 miles
    • 1 accident, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Savy Motors (187 mi away)
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Alpharetta, GA / 187 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    2013 Volkswagen Jetta 2.5L with automatic transmission. Very clean inside and out. Interior is very clean. Leather has no tears or stains. Paint is cl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWDX7AJ4DM356142
    Stock: A356142
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-29-2025

  • $7,500
    fair price
    $592 below market
    • 106,130 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Shaw Motors (167 mi away)
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Westover, AL / 167 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWDP7AJ7DM209779
    Stock: 209779
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • $6,995
    fair price
    $365 below market
    • 137,577 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Doug Justus Auto Center (164 mi away)
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Louisville, TN / 164 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWDP7AJ7DM444800
    Stock: V44800
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • New Listing
    $8,692
    fair price
    $355 above market
    • 91,370 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Fletcher Motors (114 mi away)
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Benton, KY / 114 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    Visit Fletcher Motors online at buyfletcher.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 2**-2**-9*** today to schedule your test drive...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWDP7AJXDM452535
    Stock: 452535T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • Advertisement

    4 Offers Nearby

    2025 Volkswagen Jetta
    $21,995*
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 4 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    * Starting MSRP of $21,995 for a 2025 Jetta S 1.5L TSI® with 8-speed automatic transmission. Prices exclude destination, taxes, title, other options, and dealer charges. Dealer sets actual price.
  • Stock photo**
    • 113,837 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 30 City / 42 Hwy MPG
    • Super Wheels-n-Deals (187 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 187 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/42 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWLL7AJ3DM203243
    Stock: 203243
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2024

    • 86,489 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 25 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Huntsville (71 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Huntsville, AL / 71 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (25 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWD17AJ4FM263559
    Stock: 24929683
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 185,018 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 20 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Paniagua Auto Mall (130 mi away)
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Dalton, GA / 130 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWJM71KX9M132725
    Stock: 11126
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 96,556 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 22 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Royal Volvo Cars (162 mi away)
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Vestavia Hills, AL / 162 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWRJ71K29M048216
    Stock: WAA373A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

    • 79,328 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Salem, OR / 1,986 miles away from Spring Hill, TN

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Brake Assist,Steel Wheels,Power Door Locks,Brake Assist,Floor Mats,Front Wheel Drive,Gasoline Fuel,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWDP7AJ4DM379615
    Stock: V379615
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 22 - 42 out of 824 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Volkswagen Jetta

Read recent reviews for the Volkswagen Jetta
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars87 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 87 reviews
  • 5 star
    (44%)
  • 4 star
    (37%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (5%)
3.75 out of 5 stars

Value

lawman1967, 01/23/2011
2011 Volkswagen Jetta S 4dr Sedan (2.0L 4cyl 6A)
This is a much nicer car than the Edmunds review gives it credit for. Sure, the 2010 had a (much) richer interior, but the 2010 was both smaller and (much) more expensive. I own and drive a 2009 Mercedes Benz C300 Sport, and bought the Jetta S for my daughter. The "wheezy" 2.0 liter does just fine, even with the automatic, and so far is getting 29 MPG in mixed driving. It is not fast by … any means, but it is smooth, quiet and refined, with no trouble whatsoever cruising at 80 MPH or above. The car handles well, looks and feels more expensive than it is, and most importantly, is smoother, quieter and more comfortable than just about anything else at its price point.
Report abuse

Used 2012 Volkswagen Jetta in Spring Hill, TN Values

Estimated values
2012 Volkswagen Jetta S 4dr Sedan (2.0L 4cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$2,468$4,733$6,061
Clean$2,329$4,432$5,631
Average$2,098$3,929$4,916
Rough$1,797$3,276$3,985

The average list price of a used 2012 Volkswagen Jetta in Spring Hill, Tennessee is $8,023. The average mileage on a used Volkswagen Jetta 2012 for sale in Spring Hill, Tennessee is 109,501. Based on the average mileage of 109,501 for used 2012 Volkswagen Jetta for sale in Spring Hill, TN and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Volkswagen Jetta 2012 in Spring Hill, Tennessee to be $2,098.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.