Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
50 listings
  • New Listing
    • 55,418 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Cleveland (122 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 122 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE5CJ030410
    Stock: 2003479649
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-07-2025

  • $9,000
    fair price
    $882 below market
    • 101,794 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Community Ford of Bloomington (197 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Bloomington, IN / 197 miles away from Columbus, OH

    *Vehicle Details*2013 Scion xB Base reliable, practical and ready for daily driving. This well-maintained compact wagon features Front-Wheel Drive and...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE0DJ043969
    Stock: K17118B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-04-2025

  • $5,795
    fair price
    $419 below market
    • 215,243 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Tansky's Automart (30 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Lancaster, OH / 30 miles away from Columbus, OH

    SWEET RIDE!

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FEXB1127455
    Stock: U27455
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

  • $6,999
    fair price
    $72 above market
    • 145,513 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Fesler Auto (144 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Pendleton, IN / 144 miles away from Columbus, OH

    ****2 OWNER WITH EXCELLENT SERVICE RECORDS GREAT GAS SQUEEZER ****CLEAN CARFAX **** AVAILABLE ** YOU WILL MOST DEFINITELY BE IMPRESSED AFTER A TES...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE6B1119384
    Stock: 119384
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    $3,000
    great price
    $1,159 below market
    • 278,497 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Bush Auto Place (57 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Wilmington, OH / 57 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE6CJ021991
    Stock: 260010A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-19-2025

  • New Listing
    $4,995
    good price
    $1,869 below market
    • 131,454 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • B & B Car Co (180 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Clinton Township, MI / 180 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2010 Scion XB *WHOLESALE TO THE PUBLIC* This XB is priced to sell! 5 Speed Manual Transmission, Power Windows, Power Locks, Cloth Bucket Seats, Tinted...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE5A1099384
    Stock: 099384
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

    • 150,123 miles
    • Odometer issue reported, 7 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • 465 Auto Sales (172 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 172 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE8DJ030628
    Stock: 072325
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $6,999
    good price
    $1,163 below market
    • 117,491 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Sunbelt Motors (102 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Amherst, OH / 102 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Sun Belt Motors, Inc Sales 8300 Leavitt Amherst, OH 44001 4**-9**-4*** Visit Sun Belt Motors, Inc to shop our great deals. You can contact us or ca...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE6CJ021862
    Stock: 2G4292
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-04-2025

  • Price Drop
    $6,495
    good price
    $1,008 below market
    • 139,462 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Cherry Auto Group (125 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 125 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE7CJ002768
    Stock: 002768
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

  • $6,999
    good price
    $853 below market
    • 127,607 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Budget Car Mart (102 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Barberton, OH / 102 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE1CJ017847
    Stock: B252307A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    $6,699
    fair price
    $266 below market
    • 158,290 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • 440 Auto Sales (117 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Parma, OH / 117 miles away from Columbus, OH

    VERY SHARP 2010 Scion XB! Only 2 Owner with 40 Service records and a CLEAN CARFAX! Super clean inside and out. Has upgraded rims and tires for a sleek...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE4A1115770
    Stock: 115770
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

  • $7,995
    fair price
    $423 below market
    • 97,479 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Z Imports (168 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 168 miles away from Columbus, OH

    LOOKING FOR A GREAT CAR AT A GREAT PRICE???? We provide "auto check report" on every vehicle in our inventory. We have been in business since 2000 at ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE6A1111316
    Stock: 10xbscion3599s
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-10-2025

  • $7,499
    fair price
    $55 above market
    • 145,676 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Midwest Auto Store (112 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Florence, KY / 112 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE3C1145684
    Stock: C1145684
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-29-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $5,795
    fair price
    $419 above market
    • 223,371 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Tansky's Automart (30 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Lancaster, OH / 30 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE3A1101195
    Stock: U01195
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-08-2025

  • $7,995
    fair price
    $80 below market
    • 139,402 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Sam's Motorcars (120 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 120 miles away from Columbus, OH

    SAMS MOTORCARS LLC 6918 DENISON AVE CLEVELAND OHIO WE OFFER 0% INTEREST NO FINACE CHARGES NO CREDIT CHECKS VERY SIMPLE BUY HERE PAY HERE ALL YOU NEED ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FEXCJ013506
    Stock: 013506
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • New Listing
    $8,999
    fair price
    $992 above market
    • 107,674 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Hill's Auto Sales (100 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Bowling Green, OH / 100 miles away from Columbus, OH

    ONLY $8,999 2010 Scion xB 5 Speed Manual Only 107,674mi 12 Month Unlimited Mile Warranty Included in the Original Advertised Asking Price of $8,999 St...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE8A1104500
    Stock: 104500
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-15-2025

  • $6,995
    fair price
    $84 above market
    • 185,117 miles
    • 4 accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Sam's Motorcars (120 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 120 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE4CJ014859
    Stock: 014859
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

    • 158,142 miles
    • Odometer issue reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Moran Chevrolet (175 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Clinton Township, MI / 175 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE8A1105033
    Stock: ZS85173B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-04-2025

    • 50,521 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Ohio Car Mart (105 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Elyria, OH / 105 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Discover the perfect blend of practicality and style with this 2014 Scion xB Base, a versatile wagon designed to meet all your driving needs. With its...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE6EJ061734
    Stock: 061734A01
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-03-2025

    • 114,145 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Savoy Motors (118 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Toledo, OH / 118 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Visit Savoy Motors online at www.savoymotors.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 4**-4**-5*** today to schedule your test drive.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE4CJ017485
    Stock: 10631
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

    • 88,520 miles
    • Odometer issue reported, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Tim's Auto Sourcing Limited (111 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Tallmadge, OH / 111 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTLZE4FE5CJ014983
    Stock: 014983
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-03-2024

Showing 1 - 21 out of 50 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Scion xB

Read recent reviews for the Scion xB
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars25 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 25 reviews
  • 5 star
    (88%)
  • 4 star
    (8%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Great basic transportation.

Eric, 01/25/2016
2011 Scion xB 4dr Wagon (2.4L 4cyl 5M)
I bought one of these as a trade in to get out of steep minivan payments. We have two other small electric cars, so this car is for longer trips/ back up. I bought #960 out of 2000 of the release 8 series. It has a lowered body kit and is a cool blue color. Initially there was HORRIble rattle coming from the windshield whenever I went over bumps. I found out from the internet that … this was the cowl rubbing against the windshield due to inadequate insulation and that it was an easy fix. I am not mechanical and it was indeed an easy fix. People online suggested using weatherstripping from home depot to install between the cowl and the windshield. I used the fuzzy part of a velcro strip which is working well. It went from sounding like a car with 200,000 miles on it to sounding like a new ride. I am coming from a minivan, so this car handles well. On the twisties it handles well for the box that it is. Anyone who is hung up by the center console or the buzzing sound that the exhaust makes doesn't have a sense of humor. This is an economy box that has a huge amount of room. I am 6'2" with a long torso and I have at least another 8" over my head. And my model has a sunroof. It keeps transportation cheap and simple. If I drive it hard I can get 22 mpg city. If I decide to go for good gas mileage I can get 26 city or 38 highway. I got a great deal certified used.
Report abuse

Used 2012 Scion xB in Columbus, OH Values

Estimated values
2012 Scion xB 4dr Wagon (2.4L 4cyl 4A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$3,116$3,942$4,435
Clean$2,942$3,699$4,137
Average$2,653$3,295$3,641
Rough$2,277$2,769$2,996

The average list price of a used 2012 Scion xB in Columbus, Ohio is $7,429. The average mileage on a used Scion xB 2012 for sale in Columbus, Ohio is 139,569. Based on the average mileage of 139,569 for used 2012 Scion xB for sale in Columbus, OH and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Scion xB 2012 in Columbus, Ohio to be $2,653.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.