Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
175 listings
    • 80,439 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Merlex Auto Group (20 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Arlington, VA / 20 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    This vehicle is subject to prior sale. The pricing, equipment, specifications, and photos presented are believed to be accurate, but are provided \\AS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ2KR286452
    Stock: 286452
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-24-2025

    • 99,993 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Global Auto Outlet (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Temple Hills, MD / 22 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    Estimated monthly payment and estimated total purchase price include the Maryland processing fee of $800 (not required by law). Taxes and additional f...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ6KR273812
    Stock: 273812
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $32,000
    fair price
    $691 above market
    • 76,293 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Ted Britt Ford Chantilly (21 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 21 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    Recent Arrival! **POWER MOONROOF**, **360-DEGREE CAMERA**, **BLIND SPOT WARNING**, **HANDSFREE LIFTGATE**, **REMOTE START**, **HEATED STEERING WHEEL**...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ2HR146516
    Stock: L50574B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

  • New Listing
    • 190,173 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • East End Auto Sales (77 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Henrico, VA / 77 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ3HR244418
    Stock: 26330
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

    • 127,222 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Merlex Auto Group (20 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Arlington, VA / 20 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    This vehicle is subject to prior sale. The pricing, equipment, specifications, and photos presented are believed to be accurate, but are provided \\AS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ8KR135587
    Stock: 135587
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

    • 145,247 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Street Smart Virginia (33 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 33 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    Come visit us, take a test drive, and see for yourself just how great this 2017 CADILLAC ESCALADE ESV is. With incredible value, a smooth driving expe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ9HR269780
    Stock: STR1910
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 118,812 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Koons of Woodbridge (1 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 1 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    Visit Koons Automotive of Woodbridge online at www.koonsofwoodbridge.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 571-285-3277 today to sch...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ9KR173765
    Stock: 37381
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    • 79,276 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Jack Giambalvo Hyundai of Hanover (83 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hanover, PA / 83 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ4KR121415
    Stock: 745072A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • New Listing
    • 177,429 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, taxi vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Amko Auto of Temple Hills (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Marlow Heights, MD / 22 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    As a premier Maryland dealer, we have a huge selection of used and certified vehicles from which to choose. AMKO Auto online and offline customers e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ1HR390819
    Stock: 24272
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    $29,780
    great price
    $5,220 below market
    • 100,887 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Verona, NJ / 222 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Entertainment System,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Ste...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ8JR384924
    Stock: MAJ3640
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $27,596
    good price
    $2,944 below market
    • 113,034 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Kargar Motors (14 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 14 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    BUYING A CAR HAS NEVER BEEN THIS EASY.We specialize in 100% GUARANTEED APPROVAL. BAD CREDIT, NO CREDIT, BANKRUPTCY, REPO, FORECLOSURE...NO PROBLEM. NO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ0LR175170
    Stock: KMM13587
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $38,500
    good price
    $2,837 below market
    • 57,594 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Hi Lo Auto Sales (56 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Frederick, MD / 56 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    6Mo/6000 Mile Warranty Ask Your Sales Rep for Details!, NAVIGATION SYSTEM, BLUETOOTH!!, BLIND SPOT MONITORING!!, *BACKUP CAMERA*, *PARKING SENSORS*, S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ5JR380443
    Stock: 23846
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-06-2025

  • $34,995
    good price
    $2,770 below market
    • 85,374 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Trademark (15 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 15 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    2020 CADILLAC ESCALADE ESV 4WD LUXURY EDITIONCall 703-361-6882, Well Maintained, ESV Luxury Edition 4WD, Driver Assist & Awareness Pkg, Loaded With Re...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ4LR226182
    Stock: AT17626
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $40,590
    fair price
    $1,934 above market
    • 72,401 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Washington DC (17 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Washington, DC / 17 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ9LR129904
    Stock: 2003805757
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • $34,995
    fair price
    $712 above market
    • 95,330 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • 540 Auto (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 22 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    Visit 540Auto online at 540auto.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 540-479-1999 today to schedule your test drive.

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJXJR174793
    Stock: 9391
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $26,500
    fair price
    $95 above market
    • 135,866 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 412 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Entertainment System,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ2JR341874
    Stock: JR341874T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $31,997
    fair price
    $339 below market
    • 104,132 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Harrisonburg Honda (89 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Harrisonburg, VA / 89 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ0JR242275
    Stock: A35545A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $30,987
    fair price
    $234 below market
    • 82,322 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plymouth, MI / 416 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,K...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ9JR246053
    Stock: JR246053A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $30,295
    fair price
    $735 above market
    • 92,284 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Sheehy Lexus of Richmond (79 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 79 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ0JR269558
    Stock: X030368A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 79,123 miles
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 1,135 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ7JR253893
    Stock: 2003830358
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

  • New Listing
    • 136,583 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Geek Motor (12 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 12 miles away from Woodbridge, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ3JR157921
    Stock: GM157921
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

Showing 64 - 84 out of 175 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars54 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 54 reviews
  • 5 star
    (61%)
  • 4 star
    (26%)
  • 3 star
    (7%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
4.88 out of 5 stars

A Great Luxury SUV

KMGHMG, 08/13/2010
2007 Cadillac Escalade ESV 4dr SUV AWD (6.2L 8cyl 6A)
I couldn't be more pleased with my 2007 Escalade ESV. I can't believe all the negative reviews. I have to think they're not all legit. It's very quiet, the ride is great, the interior and exterior are beautiful, it's solidly built, and it's very safe. We were just rear-ended by an F150 and all we had was a scratch on the rear bumper the size of my thumb. The F150 had $3,000+ damage. … We took a 3,500 mile road trip this summer from TX to the Rockies, and I assure you there is no finer road-trip machine. 17 mpg hwy. We've had one minor problem, which was a seal on the transfer case (under $100), and it has been back to the dealer for repair ONCE since new. This is 100% fact.
Report abuse

Used 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Woodbridge, VA Values

Estimated values
2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Luxury 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$26,532$30,185$33,429
Clean$25,972$29,543$32,712
Average$25,040$28,473$31,518
Rough$23,827$27,082$29,965

The average list price of a used 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Woodbridge, Virginia is $31,076. The average mileage on a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2019 for sale in Woodbridge, Virginia is 107,134. Based on the average mileage of 107,134 for used 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV for sale in Woodbridge, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2019 in Woodbridge, Virginia to be $25,040.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.