Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
929 listings
  • $11,995
    fair price
    $158 above market
    • 160,364 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Millennium Motor Sales (116 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Milwaukee, WI / 116 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Our 2014 Acura MDX SH-AWD in Graphite Luster Metallic offers even more refinement and style paired with abundant power and class! Powered by 3.5 Liter...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H49EB034371
    Stock: 2151
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-15-2025

  • New Listing
    $13,900
    fair price
    $251 below market
    • 136,760 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Napleton Honda Morton Grove (123 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Morton Grove, IL / 123 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Recent Arrival! One owner car, Great service records, take another look, Extra clean - don't miss this one.Buy the Napleton way! Your business is i...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD3H95GB004969
    Stock: MH101113A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-15-2025

  • $14,995
    fair price
    $278 below market
    • 103,117 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Motor Werks Honda (136 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Barrington, IL / 136 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Crystal Black Pearl 2014 Acura MDX 3.5L Technology Package SH-AWD Refined Luxury Meets All-Season CapabilityFinished in striking Crystal Black Pearl, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H41EB035644
    Stock: PHC3134A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-18-2025

  • New Listing
    $12,031
    fair price
    $244 above market
    • 161,253 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Kayser Chevrolet Buick GMC (168 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Janesville, WI / 168 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    This MDX 3.5L Technology Package is located at our Budget lot 1521 Center Ave. Janesville WI 53546. Phone:(6**)4**-7***. https://www.kaysermotorcars.c...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H4XEB009348
    Stock: 26096A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-11-2025

  • New Listing
    • 99,249 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MI*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bakersfield, CA / 1,851 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H40EB008614
    Stock: 27288887
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $12,500
    fair price
    $27 below market
    • 145,306 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Clutch Motors (121 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lake Bluff, IL / 121 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Vehicle Overview 2014 Acura MDX SH- AWD clean title very well maintained timing belt service completed! good tires and brakes! heated leather seats s...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H40EB039037
    Stock: 039037
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-10-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $15,000
    good price
    $665 below market
    • 120,503 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarWise Gurnee (122 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Gurnee, IL / 122 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H41GB024890
    Stock: GM28786U
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

  • $11,990
    fair price
    $180 above market
    • 157,519 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • NB Motors (150 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Naperville, IL / 150 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H4XEB045928
    Stock: 566
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-03-2025

  • $16,934
    fair price
    $334 above market
    • 84,446 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Ogden Lincoln (139 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Westmont, IL / 139 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    2014 MDX Technology Package SH-AWD - Dark Cherry Pearl with Parchment Leather - AWD - Navigation - Moonroof - Heated Seats - One Owner!!Thank you for ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H43EB023687
    Stock: 25-069A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2025

  • $14,998
    fair price
    $464 above market
    • 116,995 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to MI*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Colorado Springs, CO / 1,030 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H46EB040015
    Stock: 27248174
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 150,000 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Cherry Capital Motors (125 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Traverse City, MI / 125 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    Fully Loaded Acura MDX SH-AWD Technology, Rust Free- No Michigan Winters, Excellent Maintenence History, Timing Belt Done, Clean Title, and No Acciden...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H43EB012656
    Stock: 012656
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    $15,990
    fair price
    $449 above market
    • 102,400 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 242 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H49EB049744
    Stock: 2003998270
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-25-2025

  • New Listing
    • 118,329 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WA to MI*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Spokane Valley, WA / 1,562 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H42EB003589
    Stock: 27673105
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 87,817 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 921 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H43EB049223
    Stock: 2004022064
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 92,144 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to MI*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,060 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H49EB021409
    Stock: 27905711
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 81,655 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from UT to MI*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in South Jordan, UT / 1,357 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H41EB026376
    Stock: 27492236
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 58,532 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from PA to MI*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Easton, PA / 554 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H43EB040988
    Stock: 27518021
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 74,643 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 556 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H84EB045037
    Stock: 2004072775
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2025

    • 71,846 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 921 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H65EB033882
    Stock: 2004045785
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-08-2025

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Settle Auto Sales (Taylor Street) (127 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Fort Wayne, IN / 127 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2HNYD28268H516244
    Stock: 516244
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 45,615 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Schaumburg (135 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 135 miles away from Grand Rapids, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5FRYD4H49GB010493
    Stock: 27753460
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 127 - 147 out of 929 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Acura MDX

Read recent reviews for the Acura MDX
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars59 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 59 reviews
  • 5 star
    (58%)
  • 4 star
    (22%)
  • 3 star
    (14%)
  • 2 star
    (7%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4.38 out of 5 stars

Best value

kris2, 09/01/2011
2011 Acura MDX Technology Package 4dr SUV AWD (3.7L 6cyl 6A)
Needed a sooner than expected replacement after my 2005 X5 3.0 got totalled. After looking at 2012 X5, 2011 Q7 and 2011 MDX I ended up purchasing the MDX and I am not disappointed. In terms of performance I did not feel it a lot different than the X5. Torque felt low but there is enough power when you need and the brakes feel good. Been getting 17 mpg in mixed driving with 60-70% city … using premium. Kids like the third row though the access is difficult like all third row SUVs. Seats are comfortable and provide support. You will get used to the power tailgate and backup camera in no time. Got the roof rails (should have been standard) so it looks like an SUV and I like the look.
Report abuse

Used 2014 Acura MDX in Grand Rapids, MI Values

Estimated values
2014 Acura MDX SH-AWD 4dr SUV AWD w/Technology Package (3.5L 6cyl 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$9,213$12,920$15,224
Clean$8,843$12,343$14,478
Average$8,226$11,382$13,235
Rough$7,423$10,132$11,619

The average list price of a used 2014 Acura MDX in Grand Rapids, Michigan is $15,961. The average mileage on a used Acura MDX 2014 for sale in Grand Rapids, Michigan is 108,425. Based on the average mileage of 108,425 for used 2014 Acura MDX for sale in Grand Rapids, MI and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Acura MDX 2014 in Grand Rapids, Michigan to be $8,226.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.