Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
275 listings

Save with Porsche Cayenne rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

    • 88,895 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carz City (13 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Addison, TX / 13 miles away from Irving, TX

    The 2019 Porsche Cayenne Sport Utility 4D is a midsize luxury SUV that combines Porsche s sports car DNA with everyday practicality. It comes standard...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AYXKDA04004
    Stock: CCN0826
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $33,990
    fair price
    $327 above market
    • 67,307 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 874 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY0KDA03878
    Stock: 2003934735
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • New Listing
    $39,990
    fair price
    $88 above market
    • 35,630 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 874 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY4KDA17606
    Stock: 2003842315
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    $35,998
    fair price
    $428 below market
    • 58,214 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AZ to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tolleson, AZ / 887 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY8KDA13736
    Stock: 27102958
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $35,990
    good price
    $2,805 below market
    • 60,461 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 13 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 938 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (20 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AE2AY9KDA50704
    Stock: 2003842142
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $42,990
    fair price
    $802 above market
    • 16,627 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 13 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 874 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (20 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AE2AY3KDA51329
    Stock: 2003854777
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    $37,998
    fair price
    $349 below market
    • 52,036 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fresno, CA / 1,320 miles away from Irving, TX

    High Demand,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Premium Sound,Satellite Radio,Sunro...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2AY8KDA60746
    Stock: KDA60746T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $33,588
    good price
    $2,818 below market
    • 53,949 miles
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wexford, PA / 1,078 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Turbo/Supercharged,Wi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY7KDA19477
    Stock: AA19477P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 66,988 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Car Place Dallas (13 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Addison, TX / 13 miles away from Irving, TX

    2019 Porsche Cayenne $80K+ MSRP Premium & Sport Chrono Packages 1 Owner, Clean HistoryThis one-owner 2019 Porsche Cayenne blends iconic Porsche perfor...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY5KDA02967
    Stock: KDA02967
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

  • New Listing
    • 47,870 miles
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from Killeen, TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Killeen, TX / 127 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY9KDA00929
    Stock: 27619693
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $30,990
    fair price
    $1,455 below market
    • 73,552 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 925 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY7KDA18023
    Stock: 2003934752
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

    • 57,833 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Autobahn Porsche (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 24 miles away from Irving, TX

    Autobahn Porsche is proud to present this stunning 2019 Porsche Cayenne outfitted in outstanding Quartzite Grey Metallic with Leather Interior in Blac...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY0KDA09440
    Stock: KDA09440
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 09-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $40,590
    fair price
    $1,706 above market
    • 37,171 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 13 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 725 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (20 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AE2AY8KDA51214
    Stock: 2003787651
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • Price Drop
    $38,990
    fair price
    $399 below market
    • 42,258 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 187 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY0KDA13813
    Stock: 2004016000
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-28-2025

  • New Listing
    $41,998
    fair price
    $249 above market
    • 43,144 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Gastonia, NC / 919 miles away from Irving, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY9KDA13440
    Stock: 27109722
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $33,990
    fair price
    $457 below market
    • 67,986 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 769 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AYXKDA01006
    Stock: 2004028661
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-02-2025

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $40,590
    fair price
    $1,422 above market
    • 59,539 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 13 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,425 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (20 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AE2AY3KDA50925
    Stock: 2004066807
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 24,045 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 925 miles away from Irving, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AYXKDA17464
    Stock: 2003952583
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 5,896 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Autobahn Porsche (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 24 miles away from Irving, TX

    Autobahn Porsche is proud to present this stunning 2025 Porsche Cayenne outfitted in outstanding White with Standard Interior in Black. 8535 MilesVIN:...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY8SDA01599
    Stock: SDA01599
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • New Listing
    $87,900
    great price
    • 8,437 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Autobahn Jaguar Fort Worth (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fort Worth, TX / 24 miles away from Irving, TX

    Autobahn Porsche is proud to present this stunning 2025 Porsche Cayenne outfitted in outstanding Quartzite Grey Metallic with Leather Interior in Blac...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY7SDA01593
    Stock: SDA01593
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

    • 73,659 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • TexasCarsDirect.com (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 8 miles away from Irving, TX

    This 2019 Porsche Cayenne Base, has White exterior and Black interior color. 73,659 miles. Stock Number A04207. You can connect with us by calling 9**...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2AY2KDA04207
    Stock: A04207
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

Showing 148 - 168 out of 275 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Cayenne

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Cayenne
Overall Consumer Rating
4.7 out of 5 stars74 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 74 reviews
  • 5 star
    (78%)
  • 4 star
    (18%)
  • 3 star
    (4%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

More than I expected in a SUV

el415, 01/04/2011
2008 Porsche Cayenne Tiptronic 4dr SUV AWD (3.6L 6cyl 6A)
You wonder how they do it, other than you being high off of the ground you hardly notice the weight and size of this car. No it doesn't have Porsche speed, but it's plenty quick for any base luxury SUV. I had a Discovery 2 and a 540i. It really drives a like the 540i, but not as quick, it's very similar to a 528i or an Audi A6 3.0. As to the Disco, the Cayenne is far more nimbler and … much more responsive. It's a European sports sedan that's tall, big, and can go off-road (if that's important to you, check out videos on Youtube).
Report abuse

Used 2019 Porsche Cayenne in Irving, TX Values

Estimated values
2019 Porsche Cayenne 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$26,031$29,862$33,265
Clean$25,482$29,227$32,552
Average$24,567$28,169$31,363
Rough$23,377$26,793$29,818

The average list price of a used 2019 Porsche Cayenne in Irving, Texas is $41,855. The average mileage on a used Porsche Cayenne 2019 for sale in Irving, Texas is 49,595. Based on the average mileage of 49,595 for used 2019 Porsche Cayenne for sale in Irving, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Cayenne 2019 in Irving, Texas to be $24,567.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.