Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
158 listings
  • $22,995
    fair price
    $1,176 above market
    • 92,515 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Seattle Finest Motors (162 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 162 miles away from Gresham, OR

    Our amazing 2011 Mercedes-Benz AMG® S63 Sedan is rich in a Iridium Silver Metallic finish. Powered by a TurboCharged 5.5 Liter V8 that offers 536hp co...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDNG7EB1BA389724
    Stock: UFN389724
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-17-2025

  • $14,900
    fair price
    $1,290 below market
    • 57,094 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • S and M Auto (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 5 miles away from Gresham, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDNG8GB7AA317685
    Stock: MERZ2010S
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-23-2024

  • $11,991
    fair price
    $485 below market
    • 115,984 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, taxi vehicle
    • 15 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • APX Auto Brokers (158 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Edmonds, WA / 158 miles away from Gresham, OR

    2012 MERCEDES-BENZ S-CLASS S 550 Local trade clean title, automatic transmission, twin turbocharged, 4matic all wheel drive, heated and cooled seats,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (15 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDNG7DB7CA448228
    Stock: 448228
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

  • Selling or trading in?

    Know what your car is worth while you shop for your next vehicle.

    See my car’s value
  • $13,386
    fair price
    $590 below market
    • 64,876 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Bellevue (147 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Bellevue, WA / 147 miles away from Gresham, OR

    Sun/MoonroofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemStandard PaintThis vehicle includes a Money-Back Guarantee* and passed our precise inspection process....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDNG71X18A167498
    Stock: 8A167498
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

    • 75,312 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 11 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Mountain Loop Motor Cars (178 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Marysville, WA / 178 miles away from Gresham, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (11 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDNG7HB4AA301274
    Stock: 11207
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

  • Price Drop
    $8,995
    good price
    $1,796 below market
    • 122,128 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Quick Motor (168 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Everett, WA / 168 miles away from Gresham, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDNG71X09A261390
    Stock: 2482
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-07-2023

  • $14,995
    fair price
    $695 below market
    • 113,891 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 15 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Prime Motors Co (11 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 11 miles away from Gresham, OR

    Prime Motors Co is proud to present this stately 2013 Mercedes-Benz S550 4MATIC, the benchmark of full-size luxury sedans. Powered by a 4.6L V8 paired...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDNG9EB2DA494545
    Stock: C-A49545
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

    • 140,258 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • iDeal Auto Sales (129 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Kent, WA / 129 miles away from Gresham, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDNG8GB8BA361681
    Stock: 361681
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

    • 146,687 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 4 owners, personal use
    • 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Unlimited Auto Deals (120 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tacoma, WA / 120 miles away from Gresham, OR

    We are dedicated to providing you with the ultimate automobile buying experience. Our dealership is your #1 source for buying a quality pre-owned vehi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDNG71X09A262099
    Stock: 832
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-09-2025

  • New Listing
    $27,590
    fair price
    $2,493 below market
    • 62,625 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 15 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 991 miles away from Gresham, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDNG7EB6CA475502
    Stock: 2003742511
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • $12,988
    fair price
    $674 above market
    • 126,756 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 15 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • NW Truck and SUV (12 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Milwaukie, OR / 12 miles away from Gresham, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDNG9EBXCA489835
    Stock: 102539A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 84,696 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Kendall Toyota of Eugene (104 mi away)
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Eugene, OR / 104 miles away from Gresham, OR

    Silver 2006 Mercedes-Benz S-Class S 350 4D Sedan RWD 3.7L V6 5-Speed Automatic with Overdrive DETAILED, OIL CHANGE, Black Leather, 12 Speakers, 17 x 7...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDBNF67J96A473418
    Stock: TZE6126
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

  • $37,500
    fair price
    $610 above market
    • 77,895 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 15 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Seattle Finest Motors (162 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 162 miles away from Gresham, OR

    Our low mile 2014 Mercedes-Benz AMG® S63, viewed in a rich Black, is ready to change your life. Powered by a TurboCharged 5.5 Liter Biturbo V8 offerin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDUG7JB2EA064330
    Stock: V064330
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

    • 73,042 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 749 miles away from Gresham, OR

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDNG9FB1CA420014
    Stock: 2002664231
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2024

    • 97,080 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 16 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Sunset Auto Wholesale (117 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tacoma, WA / 117 miles away from Gresham, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDUG8FB5EA021681
    Stock: 9480
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 70,301 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 11 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Beaverton INFINITI (17 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 17 miles away from Gresham, OR

    Iridium Silver Metallic 2008 Mercedes-Benz S-Class S 63 AMG RWD 7-Speed Automatic AMG 6.2L V8 SMPI DOHC 32V Naturally Aspirated Black Leather. Prices ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    13 Combined MPG (11 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDNG77X38A141539
    Stock: P9050
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-19-2024

    • 133,565 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 14 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Reliant Motors (148 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bellevue, WA / 148 miles away from Gresham, OR

    Up for sale is this very clean 2008 Mercedes-Benz S550 4MATIC with 133k miles! This luxurious S-class is in excellent shape and is loaded with options...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDNG86X78A218730
    Stock: 55323
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-11-2025

    • 69,205 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 16 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • 1st Gear Motorsports (114 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Puyallup, WA / 114 miles away from Gresham, OR

    The 2014 Mercedes-Benz S 550 4dr Sdn S 550 4MATIC exudes elegance and sophistication with its sleek black exterior. This luxurious sedan displays the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDUG8FB3EA054548
    Stock: 817
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • $6,900
    great price
    $2,683 below market
    • 127,460 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • ABM Motors (99 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Mckenna, WA / 99 miles away from Gresham, OR

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDNG86XX7A108463
    Stock: 108463
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $15,687
    fair price
    $2,964 below market
    • 59,160 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 11 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sanford, FL / 2,505 miles away from Gresham, OR

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Low Mileage,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Cooled Seats,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    13 Combined MPG (11 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDNG76X07A089321
    Stock: 7A089321
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $9,995
    good price
    $755 below market
    • 93,500 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Haven (127 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Auburn, WA / 127 miles away from Gresham, OR

    2007 Mercedes-Benz S550 with only 93k miles Clean Title Runs and Drives Great Automatic Transmission Leather Seats Heated and Cooled Seats Soft Close ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WDDNG71X47A070052
    Stock: 544
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 158 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mercedes-Benz S-Class

Read recent reviews for the Mercedes-Benz S-Class
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (81%)
  • 4 star
    (9%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4 out of 5 stars

Love what you drive...and I love the S550

minh tran, 05/18/2016
2010 Mercedes-Benz S-Class S550 4dr Sedan (5.5L 8cyl 7A)
For the 2010, everything you need (and then some) is included in this car. Engine is strong and accelerating with ease. The ride is quiet and smooth. Sport mode brings the car back alive with both acceleration and handling. Only downside for me is bluetooth: voice only and no music streaming Updates: i got the car 2.5 years ago with 50k miles and it is now 127k miles... still run … smooth as the day I got it. Cost abit for maint though. Her’s what I spent $3400 for 4 shocks...all went dead around 105k miles and the car was sagging 2 set of tires aound $2500 total Oild change every 7k miles with full synthentic ( $115x 10 = $1,150). I bought the oil and filter and have a mechanic close to where I live change and top off fluids and rotate tires 2 alignments (one paid for by Mercedes, the other one is $99) so just say $100 since labor only nonparts A brandnew windshield - $100 deductible Water pump and belt = $600 So all maint is about $8,000 not too bad for a S550 Now this the part that it will shock you Fuel/gas = almost $15,000 but I did drive over 75,000 miles so about 30,800 miles a year... It’s a nice car to drive but as you can see, cost about $23,000 to maintain it if you drive as much as I do. Hope this realistic review helps ya ... Gas is about
Report abuse

Used 2011 Mercedes-Benz S-Class in Gresham, OR Values

Estimated values
2011 Mercedes-Benz S-Class S63 AMG 4dr Sedan (5.5L 8cyl Turbo 7A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$13,212$17,406$19,922
Clean$12,493$16,341$18,575
Average$11,295$14,568$16,330
Rough$9,738$12,262$13,412

The average list price of a used 2011 Mercedes-Benz S-Class in Gresham, Oregon is $16,978. The average mileage on a used Mercedes-Benz S-Class 2011 for sale in Gresham, Oregon is 95,430. Based on the average mileage of 95,430 for used 2011 Mercedes-Benz S-Class for sale in Gresham, OR and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mercedes-Benz S-Class 2011 in Gresham, Oregon to be $11,295.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.