Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
188 listings
  • $37,799
    fair price
    $440 below market
    • 70,078 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, taxi vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Van Nuys, CA / 959 miles away from Billings, MT

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJXLR176517
    Stock: LR176517P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $40,590
    fair price
    $693 above market
    • 68,653 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 1,366 miles away from Billings, MT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ3LR109175
    Stock: 2003643199
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

  • New Listing
    $67,590
    fair price
    $740 above market
    • 53,844 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 1,425 miles away from Billings, MT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3PKL6MR214440
    Stock: 2003712357
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • New Listing
    $65,946
    fair price
    $1,222 above market
    • 47,641 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Quality Auto (181 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Gillette, WY / 181 miles away from Billings, MT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4LKL5NR307375
    Stock: C05114
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-21-2025

  • $67,998
    fair price
    $46 below market
    • 71,777 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Jake Sweeney Express (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 1,298 miles away from Billings, MT

    Have you ever wondered where to buy a Certified used car? Look no further! Jake Sweeney is here to Help. If you are in need of a new or used vehicle, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL5NR247441
    Stock: LP9092
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    $68,000
    fair price
    $449 above market
    • 67,003 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • John Elway Cadillac (469 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lone Tree, CO / 469 miles away from Billings, MT

    CLEAN CARFAX ONE OWNER., FIVE-STAR DETAIL, Elway Inspected and Protected, LOCAL TRADE, CLEAN CARFAX., Third Row Seating, Navigation, 2022 Cadillac Esc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL0NR334339
    Stock: NR334339A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • $67,000
    fair price
    $1,070 above market
    • 75,897 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • John Elway Cadillac (469 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lone Tree, CO / 469 miles away from Billings, MT

    CLEAN CARFAX ONE OWNER., FIVE-STAR DETAIL, Elway Inspected and Protected, LOCAL TRADE, CLEAN CARFAX., Third Row Seating, Navigation, 2022 Cadillac Esc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL6NR250090
    Stock: NR250090A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • $34,979
    fair price
    $986 above market
    • 102,306 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Wegner Buick GMC (410 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pierre, SD / 410 miles away from Billings, MT

    Experience the epitome of luxury and performance with this magnificent 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury 4WD! Driven by a powerful V8, 6.2L engine, th...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ3LR122105
    Stock: B2211B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2023

    • 24,360 miles
    • Salvage reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • CK Auto (377 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bismarck, ND / 377 miles away from Billings, MT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4MKL3NR247179
    Stock: 24ND05G
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2024

  • Price Drop
    $69,984
    fair price
    $1,665 below market
    • 44,117 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Urbandale, IA / 791 miles away from Billings, MT

    CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Entertainment System,Hands-Free Liftgate,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL8MR273384
    Stock: MR273384M
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 55,994 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,094 miles away from Billings, MT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3KKL8MR369610
    Stock: 2003670567
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2025

    • 17 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • iDrive Utah (412 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Orem, UT / 412 miles away from Billings, MT

    **2025 CADILLAC ESCALADE ESV PREMIUM!..*BRAND NEW VOSSEN WHEELS!..*6.2L V8!.*BRAND NEW 2025-ESV!..*HARD TO GET!..*ON LOT READY TO GO!..*POWER RETRACTA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS9KRL2SR263929
    Stock: 6916
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

    • 19,296 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Ressler Cadillac (127 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bozeman, MT / 127 miles away from Billings, MT

    Clean CARFAX. Odometer is 33559 miles below market average. This Cadillac Escalade ESV is well equipped and includes the following key features, Bluet...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4PKL4MR271247
    Stock: C2504281
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-20-2025

    • 26,704 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Cadillac of Billings (6 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Billings, MT / 6 miles away from Billings, MT

    Summary**We have taken reasonable efforts to ensure display of accurate data; however, the information shown may contain errors and omissions, may not...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4PKL9PR132543
    Stock: 132543TG
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-12-2025

  • New Listing
    • 5,925 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Velocity Auto Sales (403 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Draper, UT / 403 miles away from Billings, MT

    $101k original MSRP with only 5k miles! Velocity Auto Sales is UTAH S USED CAR GIANT - the premier destination for pre-owned vehicles! We strive to pr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4NKL7PR265032
    Stock: C1533
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-30-2025

    • 9,928 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Velocity Auto Sales (403 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Draper, UT / 403 miles away from Billings, MT

    Velocity Auto Sales is UTAH S USED CAR GIANT - the premier destination for pre-owned vehicles! We strive to provide the perfect car-buying experience ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4NKL9PR265064
    Stock: M0374
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

    • 10,774 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Velocity Auto Sales (403 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Draper, UT / 403 miles away from Billings, MT

    Velocity Auto Sales is UTAH S USED CAR GIANT - the premier destination for pre-owned vehicles! We strive to provide the perfect car-buying experience ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4NKL8PR266464
    Stock: C1665
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 10,798 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Sheridan Motor (101 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sheridan, WY / 101 miles away from Billings, MT

    Dealer SummaryWe can complete most of your deal online! - Pick Out a Vehicle, Trade Appraisal, Credit Application. 100% Satisfaction Guarantee, Free ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL3RR128356
    Stock: GR128356A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

  • New Listing
    • 26,298 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 1,677 miles away from Billings, MT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ1LR216659
    Stock: 2003771210
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

    • 20,970 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Kissner Motors (465 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Grand Junction, CO / 465 miles away from Billings, MT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4NKL4NR121404
    Stock: 7617
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 29,785 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats
    • Auto Star Motors Boise (412 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Boise, ID / 412 miles away from Billings, MT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKT4PR430414
    Stock: 1254
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-28-2024

Showing 148 - 168 out of 188 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars53 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 53 reviews
  • 5 star
    (60%)
  • 4 star
    (26%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
4.88 out of 5 stars

A Great Luxury SUV

KMGHMG, 08/13/2010
2007 Cadillac Escalade ESV 4dr SUV AWD (6.2L 8cyl 6A)
I couldn't be more pleased with my 2007 Escalade ESV. I can't believe all the negative reviews. I have to think they're not all legit. It's very quiet, the ride is great, the interior and exterior are beautiful, it's solidly built, and it's very safe. We were just rear-ended by an F150 and all we had was a scratch on the rear bumper the size of my thumb. The F150 had $3,000+ damage. … We took a 3,500 mile road trip this summer from TX to the Rockies, and I assure you there is no finer road-trip machine. 17 mpg hwy. We've had one minor problem, which was a seal on the transfer case (under $100), and it has been back to the dealer for repair ONCE since new. This is 100% fact.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Billings, MT Values

Estimated values
2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$35,950$41,453$46,744
Clean$35,296$40,695$45,884
Average$34,205$39,431$44,450
Rough$32,788$37,787$42,586

The average list price of a used 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Billings, Montana is $74,046. The average mileage on a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2020 for sale in Billings, Montana is 40,103. Based on the average mileage of 40,103 for used 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV for sale in Billings, MT and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2020 in Billings, Montana to be $34,205.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.