Your Privacy

By accessing this website, you acknowledge that Edmunds and its third-party business partners may use cookies, pixels, and similar technologies to collect information about you and your interactions with the website as described in our Privacy Statement; and you agree that your use of the website is subject to our Visitor Agreement.
Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,504 listings

$0
Porsche Macan rebates in 45805
Check your savings potential before you buy

  • Price Drop
    $51,978
    great price
    $6,369 below market
    • 41,732 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Shannon Auto Sales (381 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 381 miles away from Lima, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2A51NLB20027
    Stock: 86705A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

    • 58,574 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax St. Louis South Lindbergh (363 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 363 miles away from Lima, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A58MLB11065
    Stock: 27104639
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $58,000
    great price
    $6,835 below market
    • 9,164 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Wyoming Valley (437 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wilkes-Barre, PA / 437 miles away from Lima, OH

    Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Certified. Clean CARFAX. 14-Way Power Seats, BOSE Surround Sound System, Front Ventilated Seats, Heated Steering...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Title information not provided

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A52RLB11473
    Stock: PRL11473
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • New Listing
    $47,999
    great price
    $5,633 below market
    • 23,844 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Flemington (488 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Flemington, NJ / 488 miles away from Lima, OH

    EPA 25 MPG Hwy/19 MPG City! LOW MILES - 23,248! Heated Leather Seats, NAV, Alloy Wheels, Power Liftgate, Rear Air. WHY BUY FROM USHave you been lookin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A50NLB11059
    Stock: 20221059
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • $46,580
    great price
    $4,510 below market
    • 73,334 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Verona, NJ / 518 miles away from Lima, OH

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Apple CarPlay,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Whe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2A53NLB21230
    Stock: MAJ3530
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $59,000
    great price
    $5,360 below market
    • 11,017 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Wyoming Valley (437 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wilkes-Barre, PA / 437 miles away from Lima, OH

    Certified. 14-Way Power Seats, Adaptive Air Suspension w/PASM, BOSE Surround Sound System, Front Ventilated Seats, Lane Change Assist (LCA), LED Headl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A51RLB02361
    Stock: PPRH02361
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $61,997
    great price
    $5,129 below market
    • 3,114 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Atlanta Perimeter (472 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 472 miles away from Lima, OH

    This vehicle is a retired service loaner.Premium Package PlusPanoramic Roof SystemPower Seats (14-way) with Memory PackageHeated Seats (Rear)Ventilate...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Title information not provided

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A56RLB18846
    Stock: SLP20932
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-06-2025

  • $52,400
    great price
    $5,252 below market
    • 26,200 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Paradise Motor Sports (186 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lexington, KY / 186 miles away from Lima, OH

    All of our vehicles come with a free Auto check history report by Experian. A variety of extended warranties are available. Nationwide shipping availa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2A59NLB20390
    Stock: B20390
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-04-2025

  • $84,999
    great price
    $5,254 below market
    • 29,510 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche of Charlottesville (357 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Charlottesville, VA / 357 miles away from Lima, OH

    Flow Companies of Charlottesville is delighted to offer this fantastic 2024 Porsche Macan Black GTS.Porsche Approved Certified Pre-Owned Details: * 11...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AF2A53RLB55533
    Stock: 8R3966
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • $89,990
    good price
    $9,295 below market
    • 1,090 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • Blue Grass Motorsport Porsche (189 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Louisville, KY / 189 miles away from Lima, OH

    Porsche Approved Certified. Gentian Blue Metallic 2024 Porsche Macan Electric 4 Single-Speed Automatic Electric ZEV 382hp 115 V Power Socket in Rear L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2XA0RL000230
    Stock: P41152S
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-06-2025

  • $61,240
    good price
    $4,723 below market
    • 4,575 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Cincinnati Kings (100 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 100 miles away from Lima, OH

    Special 6.49% available financing on our new 2024 Macan demo. This vehicle is in stock and available for immediate delivery. For the best deal call ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A53RLB17668
    Stock: 53477
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-01-2025

  • $61,460
    good price
    $4,529 below market
    • 4,475 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Cincinnati Kings (100 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 100 miles away from Lima, OH

    Special 6.49% available financing on our new 2024 Macan demo. This vehicle is in stock and available for immediate delivery. For the best deal call ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A52RLB17774
    Stock: 53475
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-01-2025

  • $59,990
    good price
    $4,263 below market
    • 3,763 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Cincinnati Kings (100 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 100 miles away from Lima, OH

    Special 6.49% available financing on our new 2024 Macan demo. This vehicle is in stock and available for immediate delivery. For the best deal call or...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A58RLB12224
    Stock: 53414
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    $41,995
    great price
    $3,880 below market
    • 34,468 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Napleton Genesis Glenview (210 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Glenview, IL / 210 miles away from Lima, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A59NLB08564
    Stock: P2675A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • $60,960
    good price
    $4,020 below market
    • 4,424 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Cincinnati Kings (100 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 100 miles away from Lima, OH

    Special 6.49% available financing on our new 2024 Macan demo. This vehicle is in stock and available for immediate delivery. For the best deal call or...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A56RLB20063
    Stock: 53502
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $58,999
    good price
    $4,634 below market
    • 10,138 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Chantilly (377 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 377 miles away from Lima, OH

    ORIGINAL MSRP $74070 NOW $59999! -2024 Porsche Macan Base Gentian Blue Metallic, Standard Interior in Black, Premium Package Plus, Panoramic Roof Syst...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A58RLB20596
    Stock: UPC0767
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • $59,999
    good price
    $4,342 below market
    • 5,597 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Chantilly (377 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 377 miles away from Lima, OH

    JUST IN! ORIGINAL MSRP $73420 NOW $61999! 2024 Porsche Macan Base Carmine Red, Standard Interior in Black, Premium Package Plus, Panoramic Roof System...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A57RLB18743
    Stock: UPC0758
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

  • $60,799
    good price
    $4,477 below market
    • 5,974 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Autonomous Auto Group (469 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 469 miles away from Lima, OH

    We have multiple satellite locations where inventory is stored... please call us to set an appointment so we can ensure you have the correct location ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A54RLB17176
    Stock: RLB17176A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • $59,792
    good price
    $4,073 below market
    • 17,520 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche Dublin (69 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dublin, OH / 69 miles away from Lima, OH

    Porsche Certified, 14-Way Power Seats, Adaptive Air Suspension w/PASM, BOSE Surround Sound System, Front Ventilated Seats, Lane Change Assist (LCA), L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A58RLB01594
    Stock: PO3060A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-21-2025

  • $62,390
    good price
    $4,731 below market
    • 7,433 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche of the Main Line (463 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Newtown Square, PA / 463 miles away from Lima, OH

    Eligible for the CPO +1 Warranty Extension Program! One Owner! BOSE Surround Sound! Panoramic Roof System! You are looking at a one owner 2024 Porsche...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A57RLB20685
    Stock: RLB20685
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • $57,999
    good price
    $4,252 below market
    • 8,602 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Porsche of Charlottesville (357 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Charlottesville, VA / 357 miles away from Lima, OH

    Flow Companies of Charlottesville is honored to offer this good-looking 2024 Porsche Macan Dolomite Silver Metallic. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Pr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A51RLB16602
    Stock: 856148A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

Showing 442 - 462 out of 1,504 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Macan

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Macan
Overall Consumer Rating
4.8 out of 5 stars8 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 8 reviews
  • 5 star
    (88%)
  • 4 star
    (0%)
  • 3 star
    (13%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

2023 Base Macan vs Macan S

Melissa and Doug, 03/03/2023
2023 Porsche Macan 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM)
My wife and I went round and round for weeks about the base vs the S. I actually wanted the Cayenne but it's her primary car and said she preferred the Macan. I said, if we get the Macan it's gotta be the S. We'll I lost out on that decision too. She wanted the volcano gray base macan with the leather pkg and some nice wheels. I gotta admit the base macan is absolutely fantastic. … I'm sure the S is nicer and more powerful and amazing to drive but we are 100% thrilled with the 4 cylinder. It's all the comfort and speed we need. It's my wife's car and she loves it. I try and drive it every chance I get. It's a pleasure to drive and you will be happy with either car.
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters5Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details

* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.