Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,897 listings
    • 70,935 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Mathews Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram of Mount Vernon (30 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Mount Vernon, OH / 30 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2020 Dodge Durango R/T AWD.14/22 City/Highway MPG Granite Metallic ClearcoatOdometer is 1421 miles below market average!Welcome to Mathews Mt. Vernon ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCT2LC283318
    Stock: 44406A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-18-2025

    • 37,850 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to OH*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Stockbridge, GA / 456 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDHAG8LC285703
    Stock: 27157950
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 148,681 miles
    • Issue reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • George's Used Cars (149 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Brownstown, MI / 149 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Carfax Advantage & NIADA Certified Pre-owned dealer! 125 point safety Inspection! 90 Day / 3,000 mile powertrain warranty included on all vehicles!Car...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJDG4LC348931
    Stock: A1541
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-15-2023

    • 89,887 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Sam Pierce Chevrolet (142 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Daleville, IN / 142 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2 Years of Free Maintenance!* The best Chevy deals are in the country! Virtual Tour of Vehicle: We will use live interactive video chat to give you a ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJDG8NC106291
    Stock: A8791
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

    • 111,784 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • F1rst Motors (179 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 179 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCT2LC262291
    Stock: 262291
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-25-2025

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Gravity Auto Sales (168 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Eastpointe, MI / 168 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCT9LC352053
    Stock: 352053
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $21,136
    great price
    $3,523 below market
    • 97,536 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Angola Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (157 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Angola, IN / 157 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJDG4KC807115
    Stock: P1245
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • New Listing
    • 74,226 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Cincinnati (110 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 110 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJEG1JC213711
    Stock: 2003858800
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

    • 94,106 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6 Seats, 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Champs Auto Sales (166 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Detroit, MI / 166 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Champs Auto Sales Champs Auto 445 W. Eight Mile Rd. Detroit, MI 48203 3**-8**-5*** Get ready to turn heads in this bold 2020 Dodge Durango in striking...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCTXLC103146
    Stock: 13765
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-11-2025

    • 62,344 miles
    • Rebuilt vehicle reported, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Spectrum Motor 1 (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 5 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJAG2LC131589
    Stock: 131589
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-19-2024

  • New Listing
    • 109,262 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Best of Michigan Auto Sales (166 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Detroit, MI / 166 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Visit Best of Michigan Auto Sales online at www.bestofmichigandetroit.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 3**-4**-8*** today to sch...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDHCT3LC154836
    Stock: 8785
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

  • New Listing
    • Not provided
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Gravity Auto Sales (168 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Eastpointe, MI / 168 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCT2LC155306
    Stock: 155306
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $32,998
    good price
    $3,615 below market
    • 50,124 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from OR to OH*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Milwaukie, OR / 2,029 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCT0MC724171
    Stock: 26834071
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 65,839 miles
    • Odometer issue reported, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Group of Louisville (193 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Louisville, KY / 193 miles away from Columbus, OH

    ****$4,000ADJUSTMENT-CLERICALEROORONTITLE5.7 HEMI***ADAPTIVE CRUISE***BLIND SPOT / LANE DEPARTURE / FORWARD COLLISION***BEATS AUDIO***Get ready to h...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJCTXJC210047
    Stock: 210047
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 47,014 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to OH*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 676 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJDG0LC229323
    Stock: 27187200
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $34,998
    good price
    $3,188 below market
    • 40,875 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to OH*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Duarte, CA / 1,965 miles away from Columbus, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDHCT9MC608377
    Stock: 27482702
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 73,965 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Warsaw Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (179 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Warsaw, IN / 179 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Vehicle DetailsDiscover the perfect blend of power, style, and technology with the 2022 Dodge Durango SXT, now available at our dealership. Eq...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJAG3NC231011
    Stock: WP6329
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-05-2025

    • 76,129 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Mazda Direct (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fostoria, OH / 84 miles away from Columbus, OH

    This Dodge Durango SRT, with a SRT HEMI 6.4L V8 MDS, features a 8-Speed Automatic, and generates 19 highway/13 city MPG. Dodge Durango SRT Options...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDJGJ5JC456741
    Stock: P406
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-29-2024

  • Price Drop
    • 77,486 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Performance Chevrolet (180 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Elkins, WV / 180 miles away from Columbus, OH

    This 2020 Octane Red Pearlcoat Dodge Durango GT Plus AWD is well equipped and includes these features and benefits:.AWD. Odometer is 17441 miles ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJDG4LC156036
    Stock: UH156036
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

    • 49,886 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Ron Marhofer Hyundai (103 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Cuyahoga Falls, OH / 103 miles away from Columbus, OH

    BELOW MARKET AVERAGE PRICE, ONLY 49886 MILES, ALL WHEEL DRIVE, HEATED SEATS, HEATED STEERING WHEEL, POWER LIFTGATE, LANE DEPARTURE WARNING, BLIND SPOT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RDJAG7LC223636
    Stock: PJJH3636
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

  • $33,983
    good price
    $1,626 below market
    • 46,388 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6 Seats, 14 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fontana, CA / 1,938 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Departure Warnin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4SDHCT4KC705368
    Stock: KC705368P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 295 - 315 out of 1,897 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Dodge Durango

Read recent reviews for the Dodge Durango
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars15 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 15 reviews
  • 5 star
    (67%)
  • 4 star
    (20%)
  • 3 star
    (7%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (7%)
5 out of 5 stars

The rumble of the V8!

Can N, 12/31/2019
2020 Dodge Durango R/T 4dr SUV AWD (5.7L 8cyl 8A)
It's an excellent SUV . I got the fully loaded R/T, with a hefty MSRP (don't let the MSRP fool you, as many say, it's a suggestion not the actual sales price). For how old this platform is, it has aged well. There are pros and cons to owning an older architecture SUV in 2020; Pros: - It has a legit V8 engine. The sound and the performance makes you want to hit full throttle all the … time. - No rattles, none whatsoever. I'm very sensitive when it comes to fantom noises. - If driven calmly, it gets about 25 mpg on highway. No one drives this monster calmly. - While the second row seats don't slide, all rows have adequate space by default. - Standard Alpine sound system is way better than many other "brand name" sound systems I have owned on my previous cars. - While it's an older architecture, it can still compete with the newer SUV's on technology too. It's an option, but adaptive cruise with stop and go, front crash prevention, lane keeping etc is available and works well. - Can tow, can tow a lot. -It's been around with this engine and transmission combo since 2014. Whatever defects there were, whatever that needed time to be figured out, is now figured out. I made a mistake of purchasing a first model year car before, man oh man, never again! Cons: - Thirsty. Yes me being a little heavy footed doesn't help either. - Technology shows its age; while it does have optional front crash prevention, it can not detect pedestrians. Most newer model competitors can. - You can't fold the second row seats if there's a child seat on. - Brakes are a little on the mushy side. Too much travel (coming from a German car) before pads actually bite the rotors. - It can be flat towed, tranny has a mode for that, but it doesn't have any connection to activate the brakes and brake lights. Overall, I am very happy. P.S. I did buy an 8 years 125k miles extended "max care" warranty. It's really affordable for the coverage it provides. Unlike many other brands, they let you buy it anytime before the factory warranty expires. You don't have to get it when you purchase the car!
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters5Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details

* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.