Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
671 listings
  • New Listing
    $16,998
    fair price
    $553 above market
    • 48,237 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 25 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NJ to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sicklersville, NJ / 317 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (25 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWL17AJ4HM372554
    Stock: 27379107
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $5,999
    fair price
    $614 below market
    • 174,960 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 31 City / 45 Hwy MPG
    • New Era Motors (78 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Winston-Salem, NC / 78 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    Thank you for viewing our 2015 VOLKSWAGEN JETTA SE TDI for sale in Winston-Salem, NC. If you have any specific questions please contact us. We will be...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    36 Combined MPG (31 City/45 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWLA7AJ8FM280652
    Stock: 4933102
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-24-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 49,475 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MO to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Independence, MO / 791 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWCB7BU2KM177484
    Stock: 26711088
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $15,998
    fair price
    $795 above market
    • 55,565 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Torrance, CA / 2,156 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWC57BU7KM068252
    Stock: 27199197
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    4 Offers Nearby

    2025 Volkswagen Jetta
    $21,995*
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 4 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    * Starting MSRP of $21,995 for a 2025 Jetta S 1.5L TSI® with 8-speed automatic transmission. Prices exclude destination, taxes, title, other options, and dealer charges. Dealer sets actual price.
    • 44,370 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,033 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWCB7BU0LM018805
    Stock: 27051318
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $12,599
    fair price
    $1,171 above market
    • 73,522 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 28 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from UT to VA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in South Jordan, UT / 1,723 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW267AJ0GM390920
    Stock: 27491367
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $19,229
    fair price
    $99 below market
    • 20,498 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 30 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 349 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW5M7BU1RM091581
    Stock: 2003698299
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

  • New Listing
    $13,998
    fair price
    $179 above market
    • 72,629 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 28 City / 38 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AZ to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Tucson, AZ / 1,784 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/38 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWDB7AJ6JM211307
    Stock: 27261644
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    4 Offers Nearby

    2025 Volkswagen Jetta
    $21,995*
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 4 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    * Starting MSRP of $21,995 for a 2025 Jetta S 1.5L TSI® with 8-speed automatic transmission. Prices exclude destination, taxes, title, other options, and dealer charges. Dealer sets actual price.
    • 58,685 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,196 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWC57BUXKM090519
    Stock: 2003686451
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 127,700 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, rental vehicle
    • 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 1,131 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWCB7BU8KM144523
    Stock: 27057280
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $16,998
    fair price
    $613 above market
    • 59,100 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Irvine, CA / 2,127 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWCB7BUXLM035949
    Stock: 27329219
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $19,244
    fair price
    $732 above market
    • 34,485 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Yuba City, CA / 2,246 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Sunroof / Moo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWC57BU9MM007276
    Stock: MM007276PL
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    4 Offers Nearby

    2025 Volkswagen Jetta
    $21,995*
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 4 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    * Starting MSRP of $21,995 for a 2025 Jetta S 1.5L TSI® with 8-speed automatic transmission. Prices exclude destination, taxes, title, other options, and dealer charges. Dealer sets actual price.
  • New Listing
    • 57,107 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in El Paso, TX / 1,543 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWC57BUXKM027257
    Stock: 26102916
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 47,688 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 29 City / 39 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Killeen, TX / 1,099 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    33 Combined MPG (29 City/39 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWC57BU4MM089689
    Stock: 27294999
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 54,341 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WA to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Vancouver, WA / 2,252 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWC57BU3KM121903
    Stock: 26835845
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 102,437 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,025 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWCB7BU1KM174513
    Stock: 27425533
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    4 Offers Nearby

    2025 Volkswagen Jetta
    $21,995*
    starting MSRP
    • 5 Colors
    • 4 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    * Starting MSRP of $21,995 for a 2025 Jetta S 1.5L TSI® with 8-speed automatic transmission. Prices exclude destination, taxes, title, other options, and dealer charges. Dealer sets actual price.
  • New Listing
    $18,990
    fair price
    $311 below market
    • 20,783 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 30 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 2,257 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW5M7BUXRM081082
    Stock: 2003694469
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • New Listing
    $18,908
    fair price
    $365 below market
    • 21,116 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 30 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 2,257 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW5M7BU8RM089732
    Stock: 2003749365
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 88,982 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 30 City / 40 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WI to VA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Kenosha, WI / 559 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/40 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VWE57BU0KM110317
    Stock: 27346801
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $19,091
    fair price
    $73 below market
    • 22,481 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 30 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,817 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW5M7BU4RM051818
    Stock: 2003761641
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

  • New Listing
    $18,999
    fair price
    $105 below market
    • 23,244 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 30 City / 41 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,817 miles away from Roanoke, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    34 Combined MPG (30 City/41 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3VW5M7BU8RM053023
    Stock: 2003752616
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-20-2025

Showing 190 - 210 out of 671 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters3Active

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details

* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.