Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
43 listings

Save with Toyota RAV4 Prime rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $38,500
    fair price
    $919 below market
    • 40,175 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Francisco, CA / 14 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,H...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMFB3FV7MD057383
    Stock: MD057383T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $39,595
    fair price
    $1,121 below market
    • 5,500 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Farmington Hills, MI / 2,059 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    Low Mileage,High Demand,Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wh...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMAB3FV7RD172650
    Stock: RD172650P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $37,590
    good price
    $2,485 below market
    • 10,151 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 1,936 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMAB3FV0MD066582
    Stock: 2003898472
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $32,150
    great price
    $3,182 below market
    • 51,243 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in North Brunswick, NJ / 2,536 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seat...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMEB3FV0MD048052
    Stock: SP236522A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 4,492 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,478 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMEB3FV6ND083129
    Stock: 2003882821
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 5,996 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Toyota Walnut Creek (15 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Walnut Creek, CA / 15 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    Accessories F CY Weather Package - Heated Leather-Trimmed Steering Wheel & Rain-Sensing Variable Intermittent Windshield Wipers w/ De-Icer Function F ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMFB3FV5RD207529
    Stock: MP1781
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 08-26-2025

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    • 28,058 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Novato Toyota (15 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Novato, CA / 15 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    ****ONE OWNER****, ****RECENT LEASE RETURN****, The 2023 Toyota RAV4 Prime SE in Supersonic Red is a plug-in hybrid SUV that combines performance, eff...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMAB3FV8PD147611
    Stock: 948T
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 08-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $32,990
    fair price
    $590 above market
    • 42,399 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 1,936 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMAB3FVXMD072647
    Stock: 2003886270
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-14-2025

  • New Listing
    • 56,858 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 1,381 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMAB3FV1MD060158
    Stock: 2003866449
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    $40,998
    good price
    $1,455 below market
    • 25,078 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to CA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Roanoke, VA / 2,296 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMEB3FV7ND091708
    Stock: 27017890
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $37,555
    good price
    $2,065 below market
    • 31,197 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • AutoNation Toyota Hayward (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hayward, CA / 26 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    Radio: Premium Audio W/NavigationSun/MoonroofRunning Board (Tms)Navigation SystemHeated Rear Outboard SeatsSpecial ColorPaint Protection Film (T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMEB3FV5MD001129
    Stock: MD001129
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $43,956
    fair price
    $1,271 below market
    • 12,980 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 354 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Ass...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMEB3FV9RD219520
    Stock: FR352461Q-2
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $40,998
    fair price
    $85 below market
    • 11,998 miles
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to CA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Murfreesboro, TN / 1,974 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMAB3FV2RD175732
    Stock: 27499687
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $42,997
    fair price
    $117 above market
    • 16,603 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 341 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    Green Vehicle,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Navigation...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMEB3FV9PD126283
    Stock: PD126283T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $42,929
    fair price
    $920 above market
    • 18,959 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Clovis, CA / 165 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    Green Vehicle,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Navigation System,Pr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMEB3FV1PD161965
    Stock: PD161965PL
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $45,990
    fair price
    $843 above market
    • 25,896 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 2,417 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMFB3FV5PD157518
    Stock: 2003865273
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $40,350
    fair price
    $580 below market
    • 29,631 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in North Brunswick, NJ / 2,536 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Green Vehicle,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMEB3FV2PD159996
    Stock: SD273891A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $42,998
    fair price
    $475 above market
    • 24,999 miles
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from Escondido, CA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Escondido, CA / 446 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMEB3FV0PD127015
    Stock: 27132632
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 26,300 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 1,936 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMAB3FV0MD064184
    Stock: 2003844495
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 33,041 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,487 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMAB3FV5PD158906
    Stock: 2004037037
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 56,376 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 42 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 40 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 1,802 miles away from San Pablo, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    38 Combined MPG (40 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTMCB3FV3MD061532
    Stock: 2003994938
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-21-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 43 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius25 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.