Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
47 listings
  • $31,605
    great price
    $2,741 below market
    • 30,009 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (408 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Union, NJ / 408 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ADCAZ3NC002292
    Stock: NC002292P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $30,999
    great price
    $2,437 below market
    • 43,526 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • North Coast Mitsubishi Akron (274 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Akron, OH / 274 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    2022 Lexus NX 250 Base Caviar 4D Sport Utility 2.5L I4 DOHC 16VKeyless start, Lane tracing assist, Lane departure warning w/Steering assist, Blind s...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ADCEZ3NC002545
    Stock: 002545C01
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    $33,995
    great price
    $2,434 below market
    • 14,402 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Manhattan (422 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in New York, NY / 422 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    Please call, email or submit a lead and we will reserve your vehicle of choice and schedule a test drive. This vehicle is equipped with the following ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJADCEZ9N5000314
    Stock: LM20645
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    $36,800
    good price
    $988 below market
    • 6,222 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Lambert Buick GMC (276 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Cuyahoga Falls, OH / 276 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    Backup Camera, Bluetooth, Leather Seats, Moonroof, Heated Seats, NX 250 Base, 4D Sport Utility, 2.5L I4 DOHC 16V, 8-Speed Automatic, FWD, Although we ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ADCAZXNC002239
    Stock: P47153
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $31,895
    good price
    $654 below market
    • 84,786 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Unlimited Motors Noblesville (361 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Noblesville, IN / 361 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    4x4, AWD, Back Up Camera, Bluetooth, Heated Seats, Navigation/GPS, Sun/Moon Roof, Push Button Start, and much more ..., Touch Screen, NX 250 Premium, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJGDCAZ5N5001752
    Stock: STK001752
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • $39,000
    good price
    $1,184 below market
    • 12,475 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Louisville (288 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Louisville, KY / 288 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    2022 Lexus NX 250 Base Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. **UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY**, **LEXUS OF A LIFETIME**, **ACCIDENT FREE CARFAX**, **BLUETOOTH**, **CAR...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ADCEZ2NC001757
    Stock: C084987A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-16-2025

  • $33,750
    fair price
    $64 below market
    • 65,347 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Automaxx of the Carolinas (290 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Summerville, SC / 290 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    Certified.Certification Program Details: 3 month/3000 Miles Certified Warranty2022 Lexus NX 250 Premium FWDCurrent Odometer 65347, *ONE OWNER, *Ce...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2GDCAZ4NC001646
    Stock: F22847
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

  • New Listing
    $34,998
    fair price
    $38 below market
    • 28,610 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Birmingham (450 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Hoover, AL / 450 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ADCAZ6PC005836
    Stock: 27127192
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $34,999
    fair price
    $583 above market
    • 54,403 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Honda of Owings Mills (249 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Owings Mills, MD / 249 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    Heated/Cooled Seats, Nav System, Moonroof, Power Liftgate, All Wheel Drive, Aluminum Wheels, SMART PHONE CONVENIENCE PACKAGE, TOWING PACKAGE (2000 LBS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJGDCEZ2N2001008
    Stock: N2001008
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

  • $39,988
    fair price
    $479 above market
    • 15,435 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Johnson Lexus of Durham (122 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Durham, NC / 122 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    L-CERTIFIED SALES EVENT! 5.75% FINANCING FOR UP TO 72 MONTHS! PRICED WAY BELOW KBB CERTIFIED RETAIL VALUE OF $42,781 FOR QUICK AND HASSLE-FREE SALE!LE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2GDCAZ9NC001495
    Stock: DP10717
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $34,995
    good price
    $1,939 below market
    • 27,249 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Ray Catena Lexus of Freehold (391 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Freehold, NJ / 391 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    Eminent White Pearl 2023 Lexus NX 250 Base AWD 8-Speed Automatic 2.5L I4 DOHC 16V ALL AUTOMOBILE BUYING EXPERIENCES ARE NOT CREATED EQUAL,STOP IN AND ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJADCEZ5P5000815
    Stock: Z9621
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 11,360 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Norcross (310 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Norcross, GA / 310 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ADCAZ4PC005835
    Stock: 27160155
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $34,440
    fair price
    $31 below market
    • 22,499 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • East Charlotte Nissan (144 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 144 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    This vehicle includes the following Options: 10 Speakers, 18" Wheels, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, Air Conditioning, Alloy wheels, AM/FM radio: Si...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJADCAZ4N5000663
    Stock: PL00663
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-04-2025

  • New Listing
    $38,988
    fair price
    $502 above market
    • 27,920 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Johnson Lexus of Durham (122 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Durham, NC / 122 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    L-CERTIFIED SALES EVENT! 5.75% FINANCING FOR UP TO 72 MONTHS! PRICED WAY BELOW KBB CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED VALUE OF $40,225 FOR QUICK AND HASSLE-FREE SALE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2GDCAZ7NC001897
    Stock: DP10767
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 28,672 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Warner Robins (369 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Warner Robins, GA / 369 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ADCAZXPC005807
    Stock: 27480236
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 22,296 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (478 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 478 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Na...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJADCAZ9N2001468
    Stock: N2001468P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 13,221 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Johnson Lexus of Durham (122 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Durham, NC / 122 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    L-CERTIFIED SALES EVENT! 5.75% FINANCING FOR UP TO 72 MONTHS! LEXUS CERTIFIED UNLIMITED MILEAGE WARRANTY WITH $0 DEDUCTIBLE UNTIL 01/2/2029! YOU ALSO ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2GDCAZ9PC004433
    Stock: DP10756
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 11,261 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Johnson Lexus of Raleigh (139 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 139 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    JUST ARRIVED!! DETAILS AND PICTURES COMING SOON!LEXUS CERTIFIED with a 6-year, UNLIMITED mileage warranty from original in-service date AND 2-Years,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJGDCEZ2N2000165
    Stock: 94149A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 46,699 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Nashville (360 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 360 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ADCAZ7PC003271
    Stock: 27157150
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 41,364 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Orange Park (490 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 490 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    ONE-OWNER CLEAN CARFAX! L/CERTIFIED WARRANTY WITH UNLIMITED MILES! Alloy wheels, Auto Rain Sensing Windshield Wipers, Auto-dimming Rear-View mirror, E...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJGDCAZXN5002198
    Stock: LC056122A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 16,051 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Driver's Way (448 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Pelham, AL / 448 miles away from Blacksburg, VA

    Recent Arrival! Alloy wheels, Auto High-beam Headlights, Auto Rain Sensing Windshield Wipers, Automatic temperature control, Blind Spot Monitor, Exter...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2GDCAZXPC004392
    Stock: D64751
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 47 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.