Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
449 listings

Save up to
$0
with EV Tax Credits & Rebates

    • 6,207 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Fair Oaks Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (48 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 48 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    Certified. 2024 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon X 4xeCARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Odometer is 4284 miles below market average! FCA US LLC Certified Pre-Ow...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJXR61RW199459
    Stock: PRW199459
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

    • 28,579 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Tysons Chevy GMC (37 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Vienna, VA / 37 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    BLIND SPOT MONITORING / BLIND SPOT ALERT, DYNAMIC RADAR CRUISE CONTROL / ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL / RADAR CRUISE CONTROL, REARVIEW CAMERA / BACK UP CAM...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXP62MW761247
    Stock: 00012105
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • New Listing
    • 44,678 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Heritage Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram Parkville (13 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Baltimore, MD / 13 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    Recent Arrival! *Carfax One-Owner*, **POWER DRIVERS SEAT**, **NAVIGATION**, **APPLE CARPLAY/ANDROID AUTO**, **BLUETOOTH**, **BACKUP CAMERA**, **REMOTE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXP62PW514637
    Stock: LP514637
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 31,946 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Lindsay Volkswagen of Dulles (43 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 43 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    TRANSPARENT PRICING. NO RECONDITIONING FEE CHARGED TO OUR CUSTOMERS., Wrangler Sahara 4xe, 4D Sport Utility, 2.0L I4 DOHC, 8-Speed Automatic, 4WD, Bri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXP66PW565350
    Stock: V500194A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-26-2024

    • 19,019 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Rockville (27 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Rockville, MD / 27 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    AUDI ROCKVILLE JEEP WRANGLER 4xE SAHARA. Convenience package- 1-touch down Acoustic pedestrian protection, Air conditioning, Auto-dimming rearview mir...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXP69PW604772
    Stock: MPW604772
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

    • 29,685 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Farrish Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (41 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fairfax, VA / 41 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    **1 OWNER CLEAN CARFAX NO ACCIDENTS** 2022 JEEP WRANGLER UNLIMITED SAHARA 4XE** ONLY 29K MILES** $59625 ORIGINAL MSRP** OFF LEASE!! DEALER SERVICED AN...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXP61NW228405
    Stock: PA12846
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

    • 14,369 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Fair Oaks Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (48 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 48 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    Certified. 2024 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon 4xeCARFAX One-Owner.Odometer is 6083 miles below market average! Wrangler Rubicon 4xe, FCA US LLC Certified ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJXR62RW269356
    Stock: PRW269356
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 28,927 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Ford Baltimore (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Baltimore, MD / 5 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    The 2024 Jeep Wrangler Sport S 4xe with a hardtop combines legendary off-road capability with modern hybrid efficiency, making it the perfect adventur...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJXN6XRW225126
    Stock: 0PR73108
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • New Listing
    • 23,549 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Tysons Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (37 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Vienna, VA / 37 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    Recent Arrival! 2022 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sahara 4xe 4WD Black Clearcoat !!! SKY- ONE POWER TOP !!!*** LED LIGHTING GROUP *...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXP66NW198365
    Stock: 00JB1234
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

    • 33,211 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • 1 US Motors (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Edgewood, MD / 24 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    Vehicle Overview: **Vehicles come with complimentary Lifetime Powertrain warranty (with Qualifying purchase) The Eprice does not include state taxes s...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXP67PW702974
    Stock: 702974
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 42,718 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Ford Baltimore (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Baltimore, MD / 5 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    The 2024 Jeep Wrangler Sport S 4xe with a hardtop combines legendary off-road capability with modern hybrid efficiency, making it the perfect adventur...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJXN69RW208107
    Stock: 0PR73109
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 33,444 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Manchester Motors (30 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Manchester, MD / 30 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    Manchester Motor Company is proud to offer this good-looking and fun 2024 Jeep Wrangler in Firecracker Red Clearcoat. WE ARE A TOP RATED DEALER BY CAR...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJXP61RW208065
    Stock: 7745
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 22,995 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Clarksville Chevy GMC (13 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Clarksville, MD / 13 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    *HARD TOP* ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL* APPLE CARPLAY* ANDROID AUTO* 20 INCH WHEELS* Bluetooth, 2.0L I4 DOHC, Quick Order Package 29U Sport S, 3.73 Rear ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJXN61RW207954
    Stock: P8494
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 35,782 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Volkswagen of Fallston (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fallston, MD / 23 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    2022 Jeep Wrangler 4xe, 2.0L I4 DOHC DI TURBO PHEV, ADVANCED SAFETY GROUP, Unlimited Sahara High Altitude Package, Four Wheel Drive, Adaptive Cruise C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXP68NW157574
    Stock: BNW157574
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 27,695 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Tysons Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (37 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Vienna, VA / 37 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    Recent Arrival! 2021 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sahara High Altitude 4xe 4WD Bright White Clearcoat*** APPLE CARPLAY AND ANDROID AUTO *** HEATED FRONT ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXP68MW810418
    Stock: 00JB1209
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-11-2025

    • 18,897 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Farrish Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (41 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Fairfax, VA / 41 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    2023 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon 4xe Sting-Gray w/ ONLY 18K MILES!!The 2023 Jeep Wrangler Rubicon 4xe combines rugged capability with modern luxury and eco-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXR66PW586051
    Stock: PCT1166
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2024

    • 39,410 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • 1 US Motors (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Edgewood, MD / 24 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    Vehicle Overview: **Vehicles come with complimentary Lifetime Powertrain warranty (with Qualifying purchase) The Eprice does not include state taxes s...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXP61PW514659
    Stock: 514659
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 7,033 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Gaithersburg (39 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Frederick, MD / 39 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXR61NW190591
    Stock: 27252973
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 13,519 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Carhaven (10 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Millersville, MD / 10 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    This Jeep has a sticker price of over $60,000. It is like brand new. Come take a look. We are located next to BWI airport near Severna Park & Glen Bur...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJXN68RW121010
    Stock: MM5410
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 14,726 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Tysons Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (37 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Vienna, VA / 37 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    Recent Arrival! 2022 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sahara 4xe 4WD Granite Crystal Metallic Clearcoat !!! SKY ONE TOUCH !!!...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXP68NW234511
    Stock: 00JB1225
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-17-2025

    • 23,930 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 22 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 20 Hwy MPG
    • Heritage Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram Parkville (13 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Baltimore, MD / 13 miles away from Halethorpe, MD

    New Price! Recent Arrival! *Carfax One-Owner*, **4X4**, **APPLE CARPLAY/ANDROID AUTO**, **BLUETOOTH**, **BACKUP CAMERA**, **REMOTE KEYLESS ENTRY**, **...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (20 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4RJXP69RW303344
    Stock: LP303344
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 449 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius50 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.