Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
151 listings
    • 25,179 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Sterling McCall Ford (21 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 21 miles away from Cypress, TX

    Superb Condition, GREAT MILES 25,179! X-Dynamic HSE trim, Pangea Green Metallic exterior and Ebony interior. Heated Leather Seats, NAV, Sunroof, Alloy...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALE37RU4N2091659
    Stock: N2091659
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Land Rover Southwest Houston (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 23 miles away from Cypress, TX

    Boasts 21 Highway MPG and 17 City MPG! This Land Rover Defender boasts a Intercooled Turbo Gas/Electric I-6 3.0 L/183 engine powering this Automatic t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEJFFU7R2338585
    Stock: 99DR2338585
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2024

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Land Rover Southwest Houston (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 23 miles away from Cypress, TX

    Boasts 22 Highway MPG and 18 City MPG! This Land Rover Defender delivers a Intercooled Turbo Gas/Electric I-6 3.0 L/183 engine powering this Automatic...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALE26EU6R2347986
    Stock: 99R2347986
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-13-2024

    • Not provided
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Texan Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram (25 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Humble, TX / 25 miles away from Cypress, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEJ7EU2R2320583
    Stock: 320583
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

  • New Listing
    • 29,435 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Planet Ford (17 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Spring, TX / 17 miles away from Cypress, TX

    Bringing you deals day in and day out. The rear camera makes backing up a breeze. Don't sacrifice on quality. Drive away in this 2024 Defender today...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEJFEU3R2318397
    Stock: SL0312A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

    • 7,536 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Land Rover Houston North (16 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 16 miles away from Cypress, TX

    --ONE OWNER-- Come see this 2023 Land Rover Defender 110 featuring Navigation System, Blind Spot Monitor, Lane Departure Warning, Front Collision Miti...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEK7EX8P2203479
    Stock: TP2203479
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-18-2025

  • $64,595
    great price
    $4,040 below market
    • 24,349 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Van Nuys, CA / 1,359 miles away from Cypress, TX

    Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Leather S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEVFEU0P2160568
    Stock: P2160568T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 19,382 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Land Rover Houston Central (20 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 20 miles away from Cypress, TX

    Wheels: 19" Gloss Sparkle Silver Style 6010 -inc: 6 spoke, Vinyl/Rubber Floor Trim, Trunk/Hatch Auto-Latch, Trip Computer, Transmission: 8-Speed ZF 8H...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEJ7EX9P2129878
    Stock: BP2129878
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-14-2025

  • $49,995
    great price
    $9,354 below market
    • 23,180 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Eatontown, NJ / 1,410 miles away from Cypress, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Kee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEJ7EX1P2110449
    Stock: P2110449T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $51,004
    good price
    $7,309 below market
    • 26,305 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Cranberry, PA / 1,149 miles away from Cypress, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Star...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEJEEX1P2227761
    Stock: T227761P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 26,820 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Land Rover Southwest Houston (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 23 miles away from Cypress, TX

    ALL WHEEL DRIVE! 2021 Land Rover Defender SE with 26K Miles, Black Exterior Pack, Basic Rear Seat Convenience Pack, White Contrast Roof, Sliding Panor...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEP7RU4M2035451
    Stock: TM2035451
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-20-2025

    • 29,711 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from Austin, TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 122 miles away from Cypress, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEJ7EX6P2239108
    Stock: 26564406
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 15,903 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Grubbs Volvo Cars Central Houston (21 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 21 miles away from Cypress, TX

    Grubbs Volvo Cars Central Houston is pleased to present you with another Market Priced Pre-Owned Vehicle that has gone through our comprehensive 167 p...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (18 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEJ6EX6P2241886
    Stock: P2241886A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • New Listing
    • 7,483 miles
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 1,163 miles away from Cypress, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEW6EE6P2109744
    Stock: 2003512694
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-20-2025

  • $66,990
    good price
    $2,984 below market
    • 40,585 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 991 miles away from Cypress, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEXEEU9P2193640
    Stock: 2003628454
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

    • 36,140 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Land Rover Houston North (16 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 16 miles away from Cypress, TX

    --ONE OWNER-- Come see this 2023 Land Rover Defender X-Dynamic SE comes equipped with COLD CLIMATE PACKAGE, COMFORT & CONVENIENCE PACKAGE, 4WD, Naviga...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALE27EU5P2114524
    Stock: TP2114524
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-15-2025

    • 17,988 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • West Houston Subaru (13 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 13 miles away from Cypress, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALE2FEUXP2238864
    Stock: P2238864
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-07-2024

  • New Listing
    • 20,006 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IN to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 876 miles away from Cypress, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALE2EEU7P2121009
    Stock: 26926710
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $66,133
    fair price
    $1,578 below market
    • 10,129 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Ramsey, NJ / 1,428 miles away from Cypress, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEPFEU7P2183615
    Stock: L17306T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 7,500 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Mission Viejo, CA / 1,310 miles away from Cypress, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEJ7EX2P2136509
    Stock: P11823
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 47,695 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Joe Myers Toyota (7 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 7 miles away from Cypress, TX

    **CLEAN CARFAX!**, **BLUE TOOTH**, **BACK UP CAMERA**, **LEATHER INTERIOR**, **ALLOY WHEELS**, **SUNROOF**. 2023 Land Rover Defender 110 Carpathian Ed...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: SALEWEEE3P2109081
    Stock: 134637A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

Showing 22 - 42 out of 151 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Land Rover Defender

Read recent reviews for the Land Rover Defender
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars31 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 31 reviews
  • 5 star
    (77%)
  • 4 star
    (6%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (6%)
3 out of 5 stars

Dead on the 3rd day- LR took care of me

Joe M, 04/29/2021
2021 Land Rover Defender 110 P300 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A)
Bought a new 2021 Defender X. Pretty awesome until the morning of day 3 with ~500 miles on the odometer, all safety systems failed along with a gearbox failure at 80 mph on the interstate. It barely allowed me to get to safety. The out of town dealer repaired and gave it back only to have it fail again the next morning. Of course this is in the middle of important meetings as well. … It remains at the out of town dealer now 8.5 days of the first 11 I have owned it. The dealer who sold it wont talk with me and customer care scheduled a call in two weeks. I have remained surprisingly calm in the face of all this, but as an engineer and technology developer I am a bit embarrassed I bought the car knowing Land Rover's reputation for reliability. I never thought I would be so disappointed with a $91,000 new car. Update.... The 2021 Defender was pronounced dead after 100 days and an incredible effort to repair it. Land Rover customer care worked hard to find and deliver a new 2022 Defender. Its exactly what I was hoping for, refined and rugged. The lemon experience has left me cautious but it is an awesome vehicle and excellent support. I kept my Rubicon just in case.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Land Rover Defender in Cypress, TX Values

Estimated values
2022 Land Rover Defender 110 P400 X-Dynamic HSE 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Twincharger gas/electric mild hybrid 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$51,920$55,055$58,326
Clean$51,228$54,293$57,487
Average$50,075$53,022$56,090
Rough$48,576$51,370$54,273

The average list price of a used 2022 Land Rover Defender in Cypress, Texas is $61,100. The average mileage on a used Land Rover Defender 2022 for sale in Cypress, Texas is 19,777. Based on the average mileage of 19,777 for used 2022 Land Rover Defender for sale in Cypress, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Land Rover Defender 2022 in Cypress, Texas to be $50,075.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.