Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
257 listings
    • 21,420 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Lorenzo Nissan (454 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fort Lauderdale, FL / 454 miles away from Charleston, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5JRXPF101148
    Stock: SC112681A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

    • 28,018 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • INFINITI of Gwinnett (256 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Duluth, GA / 256 miles away from Charleston, SC

    No matter what your automotive needs may be, you'll find answers here at INFINITI of Gwinnett. This 2023 INFINITI QX55 LUXE has a beautiful Majestic W...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5JR9PF101657
    Stock: GX5292A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 36,198 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Lake Norman INFINITI (200 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cornelius, NC / 200 miles away from Charleston, SC

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Certified. Hermosa Blue 2023 INFINITI QX55 LUXE AWD CVT I4Recent Arrival! 22/28 City/Highway MPGINFINITI Certified Pre...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5JR5PF117385
    Stock: I125086A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 4,591 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Lake Norman INFINITI (200 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cornelius, NC / 200 miles away from Charleston, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5JR3PF103422
    Stock: 250104A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-06-2025

  • New Listing
    • 31,045 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to SC*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 785 miles away from Charleston, SC

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5KR7PF101087
    Stock: 27245359
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 18,300 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Chattanooga (342 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chattanooga, TN / 342 miles away from Charleston, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5LR1PF121446
    Stock: 121446LT
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

    • 32,821 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Tim Short Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram of Maysville (465 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Maysville, KY / 465 miles away from Charleston, SC

    The 2023 INFINITI QX55 LUXE AWD delivers an inspired fusion of luxury, performance, and modern design. With only one previous owner, a Clean CARFAX, a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5JR6PF103947
    Stock: 103947
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

    • 41,584 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • INFINITI of Chattanooga (340 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chattanooga, TN / 340 miles away from Charleston, SC

    CARFAX One-Owner. 2023 INFINITI QX55 ESSENTIAL AWD AWD AWD Shop 100% Online and We Will Come To You! QX55 ESSENTIAL AWD, AWD, Graphite Leather, Automa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5KR2PF109940
    Stock: I5128B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 21,103 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Nalley INFINITI of Atlanta (264 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 264 miles away from Charleston, SC

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5JRXPF103174
    Stock: 103174
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-08-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 22,325 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Nalley INFINITI Marietta (275 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 275 miles away from Charleston, SC

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5LR2PF122251
    Stock: 122251
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

    • 7,720 miles
    • Rebuilt vehicle reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • City Car Auto Inc. (458 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 458 miles away from Charleston, SC

    We Finance You Drive!!! Buy Here Pay Here Everyone is Approved NO Credit Check

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5LR5PF114788
    Stock: 114788
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-09-2024

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 26,003 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Nalley INFINITI of Atlanta (264 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 264 miles away from Charleston, SC

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5JRXPF115552
    Stock: 115552
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 56,770 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Lee Nissan (423 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fort Walton Beach, FL / 423 miles away from Charleston, SC

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Hermosa Blue 2023 INFINITI QX55 SENSORY SENSORY 4D Sport Utility I4 AWD 22/28 City/Highway MPG LEATHER, NAVIGATION, SUN...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5LRXPF101082
    Stock: B9245
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • $41,985
    great price
    $3,540 below market
    • 13,879 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • INFINITI of Melbourne (318 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Melbourne, FL / 318 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Certified. Black Obsidian 2024 INFINITI QX55 SENSORY AWD CVT I4 QX55 SENSORY, 4D Sport Utility, I4, CVT, AWD, Black Obsidian, Graphite Leather, Alloy ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5LR2RF110796
    Stock: IP1171
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 02-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    $40,800
    great price
    $3,425 below market
    • 14,503 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Sheehy INFINITI of Chantilly (452 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 452 miles away from Charleston, SC

    2024 INFINITI QX55 SENSORY BLIND SPOT AWD AWD at Sheehy INFINITI of Chantilly! This QX55 has an exterior color of Slate Gray with Graphite Leather int...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5LR9RF109760
    Stock: PRC7818P
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 12-04-2024

  • Price Drop
    $26,583
    great price
    $3,489 below market
    • 61,475 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Hyundai of Fort Myers (436 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fort Myers, FL / 436 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Illuminated Kick Plates, Lighting Package, Navigation system: INFINITI InTouch Navigation, Welcome Lighting, 16 Speakers, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 5.846 A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5L34NF101409
    Stock: CH01419
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-12-2025

  • New Listing
    • 34,640 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of South Atlanta (271 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Union City, GA / 271 miles away from Charleston, SC

    This INFINITI QX55 has a powerful Intercooled Turbo Premium Unleaded I-4 2.0 L/122 engine powering this Variable transmission. MAJESTIC WHITE, GRAPHIT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5JR2PF100737
    Stock: B16291A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-18-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 37,520 miles
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Nissan of Rocky Mount (258 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Rocky Mount, NC / 258 miles away from Charleston, SC

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5KR5PF122455
    Stock: P24597
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-18-2025

  • $42,895
    great price
    $2,789 below market
    • 12,149 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • INFINITI of Melbourne (318 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Melbourne, FL / 318 miles away from Charleston, SC

    Certified. Graphite Shadow 2024 INFINITI QX55 SENSORY AWD CVT I4 QX55 SENSORY, 4D Sport Utility, I4, CVT, AWD, Graphite Shadow, Graphite Leather, 16 S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5LR9RF101612
    Stock: IP1170
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 02-07-2025

  • New Listing
    $36,495
    great price
    $2,341 below market
    • 4,837 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Fitzgerald Chevrolet (486 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Frederick, MD / 486 miles away from Charleston, SC

    NA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5JR5RF103439
    Stock: LA03439
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-12-2024

  • $38,988
    great price
    $2,304 below market
    • 9,180 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • INFINITI of Gwinnett (256 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Duluth, GA / 256 miles away from Charleston, SC

    No matter what your automotive needs may be, you'll find answers here at INFINITI of Gwinnett. This 2024 INFINITI QX55 LUXE has a beautiful Radiant Wh...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3PCAJ5JR4RF106901
    Stock: LG5019
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 01-25-2025

Showing 127 - 147 out of 257 listings

Consumer Reviews for the INFINITI QX55

Read recent reviews for the INFINITI QX55
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars16 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 16 reviews
  • 5 star
    (69%)
  • 4 star
    (13%)
  • 3 star
    (6%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (6%)
5 out of 5 stars

QX55 Sensory

Arnold Glassberg, 01/20/2022
2022 INFINITI QX55 SENSORY 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo CVT)
After looking at half a dozen other cars I knew this was the one as soon as I set eyes on it. Curbside appeal and interior are great and then driving it sealed the deal. Now, after three months I am finally getting to understand how most of the advanced electronics operate. Just blows me away - a truly intelligent car. I have owned three Infiniti vehicles in the past without any … mechanical problems and expect this one to be as reliable as the others. Infiniti delivers a great driving experience with power, comfort and styling with the QX55. Since I like to do my own routine maintenance, got turned off by the German cars in the premium SUV category. There is plenty of superior engineering in this car with AWD, dual turbochargers and Constant Velocity Transmission. After almost three years of driving, I can now update my review with a few additional comments. The onboard electronics can occasionally lock-up and fail to allow for GPS or integrated telephone usage. Usually, the problem goes away after a few minutes or a restart. My guess is that a computer chip has a bug or gets confused. After all, there probably are dozens of chips in the car so that is the cost of contemporary electronics. On the positive side, there are no squeaks, wind noise or other distracting sounds after three years of driving. Still love the look of the car and the drive.
Report abuse

Used 2023 INFINITI QX55 in Charleston, SC Values

Estimated values
2023 INFINITI QX55 LUXE 4dr SUV AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$29,927$31,404$33,068
Clean$29,590$31,025$32,643
Average$29,028$30,394$31,934
Rough$28,297$29,573$31,013

The average list price of a used 2023 INFINITI QX55 in Charleston, South Carolina is $37,277. The average mileage on a used INFINITI QX55 2023 for sale in Charleston, South Carolina is 25,528. Based on the average mileage of 25,528 for used 2023 INFINITI QX55 for sale in Charleston, SC and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used INFINITI QX55 2023 in Charleston, South Carolina to be $29,028.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.