Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
188 listings
  • $51,888
    great price
    $4,513 below market
    • 24,128 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Lexus of Serramonte (384 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Colma, CA / 384 miles away from Riverside, CA

    Boasts 23 Highway MPG and 18 City MPG! This Genesis GV80 delivers a Twin Turbo Premium Unleaded V-6 3.5 L/212 engine powering this Automatic transmiss...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHCESC5RU203340
    Stock: BRU203340
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-03-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 32,242 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Laguna Niguel Hyundai (35 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Laguna Niguel, CA / 35 miles away from Riverside, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHB4SB1MU061727
    Stock: SU343194A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2025

  • Price Drop
    $69,689
    fair price
    $4,525 below market
    • 5,177 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Bentley Westlake Village (86 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Thousand Oaks, CA / 86 miles away from Riverside, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHCESCXRU193372
    Stock: 24G0424R
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

  • New Listing
    $52,590
    good price
    $6,307 below market
    • 23,121 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 1,665 miles away from Riverside, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHCESCXRU194781
    Stock: 2003653090
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

  • $46,990
    good price
    $4,262 below market
    • 17,294 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Chesapeake, VA / 2,308 miles away from Riverside, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,He...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHBDSB1RU204294
    Stock: RU204294P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $44,590
    good price
    $8,315 below market
    • 46,207 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 1,879 miles away from Riverside, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHCESC4NU078146
    Stock: 2003660279
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-26-2025

  • New Listing
    $38,900
    good price
    $4,941 below market
    • 39,375 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Coastal Chevrolet Santa Barbara (141 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Santa Barbara, CA / 141 miles away from Riverside, CA

    **Fresh Oil Change**, Passed all mechanical and safety inspections., Does not include optional dealer accessories or market adjustment. While great ef...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (21 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHBDSB3NU098621
    Stock: 4PT223
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-14-2025

  • $51,990
    good price
    $4,714 below market
    • 26,865 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 2,068 miles away from Riverside, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHCESC9RU195047
    Stock: 2003662829
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • New Listing
    $53,998
    fair price
    $3,696 below market
    • 25,081 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MO to CA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Saint Peters, MO / 1,519 miles away from Riverside, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHCESC3RU194718
    Stock: 27255151
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $55,495
    fair price
    $3,423 below market
    • 9,728 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Hyundai of Roseville (395 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Roseville, CA / 395 miles away from Riverside, CA

    Roseville Hyundai offers a large selection of pre-owned and certified pre-owned inventory at prices you can appreciate. Whether you are searching for ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHCESC3RU153084
    Stock: P153084
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $49,956
    good price
    $3,566 below market
    • 29,942 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Rancho Santa Margarita Honda (27 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Rancho Santa Margarita, CA / 27 miles away from Riverside, CA

    2024 Genesis GV80 3.5T 3.5L DOHC Makalu Gray CARFAX One-Owner. ??? 2024 Genesis GV80 3.5T ?" Where Power Meets Prestige ??? The 2024 Genesis GV80 3.5T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHCESC6RU203718
    Stock: RU203718P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $64,689
    fair price
    $3,036 below market
    • 7,089 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Bentley Westlake Village (86 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Thousand Oaks, CA / 86 miles away from Riverside, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHCESC4RU192234
    Stock: 24G0461R
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $54,888
    good price
    $4,362 below market
    • 21,491 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Lexus of Fremont (356 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fremont, CA / 356 miles away from Riverside, CA

    OPTION PACKAGESMAKALU GRAY, OPTION GROUP 01 standard equipment, Navigation, All Wheel Drive, Power Liftgate, Rear Air, Heated Driver Seat Welcome to t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHCESC4RU204138
    Stock: U204138A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • $39,999
    good price
    $3,750 below market
    • 40,635 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Dublin Hyundai (362 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dublin, CA / 362 miles away from Riverside, CA

    Dublin Hyundai is pleased to offer this. 2022 Genesis GV80 2.5T AWD 2.5L DOHC Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. IP...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (21 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHBDSBXNU098292
    Stock: GE202
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • Price Drop
    $42,993
    good price
    $3,006 below market
    • 24,979 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Genesis Santa Monica (65 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Santa Monica, CA / 65 miles away from Riverside, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHBDSB5RU170148
    Stock: RU170148P
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 02-25-2025

  • New Listing
    $42,998
    good price
    $3,807 below market
    • 49,061 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from UT to CA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in South Jordan, UT / 544 miles away from Riverside, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHCESC7NU092087
    Stock: 26678648
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $43,975
    good price
    $3,332 below market
    • 20,251 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Downey Hyundai (46 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Downey, CA / 46 miles away from Riverside, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHBDSB2RU194763
    Stock: P15367
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-09-2024

  • New Listing
    $56,998
    good price
    $5,440 below market
    • 18,118 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from UT to CA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in South Jordan, UT / 544 miles away from Riverside, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHCESCXRU203253
    Stock: 26679271
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $45,990
    fair price
    $2,011 below market
    • 21,873 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 2,068 miles away from Riverside, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHBDSB4RU194179
    Stock: 2003579721
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • $49,797
    fair price
    $677 below market
    • 8,452 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Prestige Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (198 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 198 miles away from Riverside, CA

    Odometer is 12854 miles below market average!Black 2024 Genesis GV80 2.5T AWD 8-Speed Automatic 2.5L DOHCPrestige has been awarded the Customer First ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHBDSB6RU183491
    Stock: 350241
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • New Listing
    $52,990
    fair price
    $2,288 below market
    • 26,394 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 2,000 miles away from Riverside, CA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KMUHCESC8RU194746
    Stock: 2003690985
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

;
Showing 85 - 105 out of 188 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Genesis GV80

Read recent reviews for the Genesis GV80
Overall Consumer Rating
3.3 out of 5 stars29 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 29 reviews
  • 5 star
    (48%)
  • 4 star
    (3%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (17%)
  • 1 star
    (28%)
1 out of 5 stars

Genesis should be ashamed

PLCC, 05/03/2024
2023 Genesis GV80 3.5T Advanced + 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl Turbo 8A)
Over the last 12 months my GV80 has been in the dealership for repair now for the 4th time and 5 months and counting. There are severe computer/electrical/engine problems - actually nobody knows what the problem is - they just keep replacing parts. The first time all the warning lights for EVERYTHING just started going off and the dash would go black. After 2 repair tries and 12 weeks in … the dealership they replaced the cluster (resetting mileage to zero). The car then seemed fine for a few months and then it started again. This time the warning lights went crazy again, but also the car started bucking and shutting down randomly while driving. Back to the dealership for another 7 weeks. That resulted in a replaced actuator. It ran fine for 2 more months, then the warning lights started going crazy again and the engine light is on. It is back at the dealership again for who knows how long. They clearly have no idea how to fix it. Genesis Canada will do nothing about it except to say they are working hard to fix it. I think it is clear they can’t fix it. As there are no lemon laws in Canada, they just completely disregard the responsibility that they should have for the customer. To trade it in will result in a huge loss to me due to all the issues, as well as passing the buck to a new unsuspecting buyer. Genesis needs to stand by their product but clearly they do not care.
Report abuse

Used 2024 Genesis GV80 in Riverside, CA Values

Estimated values
2024 Genesis GV80 3.5T Prestige Signature 4dr SUV AWD (3.5L 6cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$55,363$56,484$57,829
Clean$54,843$55,900$57,176
Average$53,975$54,926$56,088
Rough$52,848$53,660$54,674

The average list price of a used 2024 Genesis GV80 in Riverside, California is $50,570. The average mileage on a used Genesis GV80 2024 for sale in Riverside, California is 24,643. Based on the average mileage of 24,643 for used 2024 Genesis GV80 for sale in Riverside, CA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Genesis GV80 2024 in Riverside, California to be $53,975.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.