Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
516 listings
  • New Listing
    • 19,473 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from WI to MN*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Milwaukee, WI / 288 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MPSL3PB170439
    Stock: 27539747
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 19,655 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MN*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Burbank, CA / 1,519 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MPSL2PB006230
    Stock: 27339252
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 20,233 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 29 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to MN*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Sanford, FL / 1,295 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (29 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MTSL9PB067292
    Stock: 27634272
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 21,047 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MN*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Duarte, CA / 1,506 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MPSLXPB082715
    Stock: 27453274
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 24,143 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 29 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to MN*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 848 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MPS28PB058839
    Stock: 27495003
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 28,983 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Tenvoorde Ford (59 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Saint Cloud, MN / 59 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    SUMMIT WHITEJET BLACK WITH RED ACCENTS, CLOTH WITH LEATHERETTE SEAT TRIMENGINE, ECOTEC 1.3L I3 TURBO DOHC SIDI WITH VARIABLE VALVE TIMING (VVT)

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MUSL3PB170102
    Stock: 254009E
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

    • 25,295 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 1,318 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MPSL5PB156025
    Stock: 2003853618
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

    • 24,061 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 29 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MA to MN*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in North Attleboro, MA / 1,115 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (29 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MTSL6PB126329
    Stock: 27653130
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 26,837 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 29 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to MN*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Riverside, CA / 1,489 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MPSL7PB000813
    Stock: 26847684
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 4,056 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 29 Hwy MPG
    • Matt Saxe Chevrolet (35 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Belle Plaine, MN / 35 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    Iridescent Pearl Tricoat 2025 Chevrolet TrailBlazer RS AWD! 26/29 City/Highway MPG Clean CARFAX. Details: CONVENIENCE PACKAGE: * LIFTGATE, POWER, HAND...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Title information not provided

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (26 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MUSL1SB045916
    Stock: P4115
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 29,711 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 1,295 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MRSLXPB077543
    Stock: 2003253851
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-07-2024

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 10,048 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Thielen Motors (159 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Park Rapids, MN / 159 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    Thielen Motors is excited to offer this 2023 Chevrolet Trailblazer LT. This SUV gives you versatility, style and comfort all in one vehicle. Take home...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MRSL3PB057568
    Stock: 23298A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

  • New Listing
    • 19,677 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Thielen Motors (159 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Park Rapids, MN / 159 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    You can find this 2023 Chevrolet Trailblazer ACTIV and many others like it at Thielen Motors. In their original incarnation, SUVs were chiefly owned b...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MSSL8PB053796
    Stock: 23225
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 32,336 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to MN*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 917 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MRSL3PB124508
    Stock: 27319951
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 45,475 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 29 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Lane Departure Warni...
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 905 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MMS23PB044202
    Stock: 2003806652
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

    • 46,411 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 29 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Lane Departure Warni...
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 905 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MMS20PB043881
    Stock: 2003788258
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

    • 31,108 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 29 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TN to MN*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 701 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (29 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MTSL7PB089212
    Stock: 27394944
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 33,475 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to MN*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 917 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MPSL5PB207023
    Stock: 27266257
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 38,387 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 29 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Lane Departure Warni...
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 629 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MMS23PB151654
    Stock: 2003852097
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 27,920 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IL to MN*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Hillside, IL / 345 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MUSL6PB067045
    Stock: 26863675
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $21,590
    fair price
    $782 above market
    • 46,229 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 29 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,273 miles away from Minneapolis, MN

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (29 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KL79MPS2XPB174012
    Stock: 2003885919
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

Showing 148 - 168 out of 516 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Chevrolet Trailblazer

Read recent reviews for the Chevrolet Trailblazer
Overall Consumer Rating
3.9 out of 5 stars48 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 48 reviews
  • 5 star
    (52%)
  • 4 star
    (17%)
  • 3 star
    (13%)
  • 2 star
    (8%)
  • 1 star
    (10%)
3 out of 5 stars

Engine

Jessica, 08/24/2022
2023 Chevrolet Trailblazer LT 4dr SUV (1.2L 3cyl Turbo CVT)
Loved it when I got it about a month ago but now I’m having trouble with the engine not working right and it makes a nocking sound when I turn it on now. When I push the gas the RPM will go up to 4 or 5 but the car will move at like 2 mph. I was coming out my driveway one day and pushed the gas and it slowly started poking into the road and I pushed the pedal harder and had it all the … way to the floor since a big truck was coming and when it finally caught up I drifted out the driveway because the car took off. It does not happen all the time but it is starting to become more frequent which is very dangerous. That’s my only complaints about the car. I have 3 kids. One in a booster, and infant car seat and one who is not in a booster and they all fit great.
Report abuse

Used 2023 Chevrolet Trailblazer in Minneapolis, MN Values

Estimated values
2023 Chevrolet Trailblazer LT 4dr SUV (1.3L 3cyl Turbo CVT) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$17,965$19,469$21,169
Clean$17,749$19,193$20,825
Average$17,387$18,734$20,253
Rough$16,917$18,136$19,508

The average list price of a used 2023 Chevrolet Trailblazer in Minneapolis, Minnesota is $24,247. The average mileage on a used Chevrolet Trailblazer 2023 for sale in Minneapolis, Minnesota is 27,360. Based on the average mileage of 27,360 for used 2023 Chevrolet Trailblazer for sale in Minneapolis, MN and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Chevrolet Trailblazer 2023 in Minneapolis, Minnesota to be $17,387.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.