Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
185 listings

$0
BMW iX rebates in 42101
Check your savings potential before you buy

    • 16,146 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 324 mi range
    • BMW of Pittsburgh (424 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pittsburgh, PA / 424 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    **DEMONSTRATOR VEHICLE- SCHEDULE A TEST DRIVE TODAY!**, Connected Package Pro, Dynamic Handling Package, Navigation System, Premium Package, Radiant H...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB523CF06NCJ79977
    Stock: PB1479R
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-03-2024

  • $74,996
    great price
    $12,912 below market
    • 3,595 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 316 - 336 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Nalley BMW of Decatur (254 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Decatur, GA / 254 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB523CF01SCT28839
    Stock: NBDL240598A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-30-2025

  • $75,776
    great price
    $13,136 below market
    • 3,460 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 311 - 323 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Perillo Downers Grove (341 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Downers Grove, IL / 341 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    - EXUDES STYLE & SOPHISTICATION - IMPRESSIVE PERFORMANCE, RANGE & UTILITY - FACTORY WARRANTY APPLIES WITH EV COMPONENTS @ 96/100K MILES -

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB523CF05SCT32828
    Stock: DG5208
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-11-2025

  • $68,999
    great price
    $11,632 below market
    • 8,254 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 313 - 332 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Modern Motorcars (377 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Nixa, MO / 377 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    2025 BMW iX xDrive50, Sport Package, Convenience Package, Driving Assistance Pro Package, Comfort Access Keyless Entry, Infrared Windshield, Heated St...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB523CF07SCS73281
    Stock: 3267281
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

    • 7,935 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 320 - 336 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • BMW of Crystal Lake (374 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Crystal Lake, IL / 374 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB523CF08RCP70611
    Stock: 17465
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 31,085 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 324 mi range
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Spokane, WA / 1,728 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,High Demand,Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB523CF09NCK44093
    Stock: NCK44093B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    • 7,081 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 296 mi range
    • BMW of Crystal Lake (374 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Crystal Lake, IL / 374 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB533CF03RCN32055
    Stock: 17346
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-23-2025

    • 13,619 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 316 - 332 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • BMW of Raleigh (445 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 445 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    New Price! Certified. Alpine White 2024 BMW iX xDrive50 AWD Single-Speed Automatic Electric Motor Convenience Package, harman kardon Surround Sound Sy...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB523CF06RCN95579
    Stock: WP70074
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 48,247 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 324 mi range
    • BMW of Myrtle Beach (483 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Myrtle Beach, SC / 483 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    2022 BMW iX xDrive50 Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. Factory warranty through 3/22/2026 or 50,000 miles.Reconditioning Items Completed: All services a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB523CF06NCJ69739
    Stock: B8800
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • Photos not available
    • 31,550 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 324 mi range
    • Martin Chevrolet (373 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Crystal Lake, IL / 373 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB523CF02NCK45960
    Stock: P6729
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • $96,098
    good price
    $11,055 below market
    • 4,130 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 302 - 314 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Angela Krause Ford (238 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Alpharetta, GA / 238 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    2025 BMW iX M60 Active Cruise Control w/Stop & Go, Active Driving Assistant Pro, Active Lane Keeping Assistant, Connected Package Pro, Driving Assista...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB533CF09SCT54724
    Stock: AFF08846A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-04-2025

  • $76,990
    good price
    $6,419 below market
    • 6,208 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 305 - 321 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Seaside, CA / 1,944 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Chr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB523CF09SCS36216
    Stock: SCS36216BR
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $75,854
    good price
    $4,107 below market
    • 4,993 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 306 - 323 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Spokane, WA / 1,728 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB523CF02SCS17149
    Stock: SCS17149B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $75,977
    good price
    $5,117 below market
    • 5,673 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 316 - 336 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • BMW of Pittsburgh (424 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pittsburgh, PA / 424 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    Certified.Recent Arrival! Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. Odometer is 1223 miles below market average!2025 BMW iX xDrive50 " A Modern Marvel Awaits Yo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB523CF00SCS98880
    Stock: PB3163A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    $94,849
    fair price
    $4,405 below market
    • 7,734 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 316 - 336 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Plaza BMW (246 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Creve Coeur, MO / 246 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB533CF08SCS84584
    Stock: PLBL250068
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • $84,999
    good price
    $3,173 below market
    • 5,681 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 316 - 336 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Seattle, WA / 1,952 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Chr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB523CF07SCS57193
    Stock: CS57193XL
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $83,275
    good price
    $5,134 below market
    • 1,452 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 307 mi range
    • BMW of Akron (385 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Akron, OH / 385 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    Black Sapphire Metallic 2025 BMW iX xDrive50 AWD Single-Speed Automatic Electric Motor This BMW iX has many features and is well equipped including.Ex...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB523CF05SCU88576
    Stock: 250358
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • $99,441
    fair price
    $4,645 below market
    • 5,549 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 297 - 312 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Sherman Oaks, CA / 1,799 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Star...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB533CF01SCS46159
    Stock: SCS46159R
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $67,777
    good price
    $7,856 below market
    • 11,849 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 292 - 305 mi est. range
    • Excellent battery score
    • Northside Auto (202 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 202 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    CRYPTOCURRENCY ACCEPTED, ONE-OWNER, PREMIUM PACKAGE (AUTOMATIC PARKING, HEAD-UP DISPLAY, MASSAGING SEAT, HARMAN KARDON SOUND SYSTEM, EARIAL VIEW DISPL...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB523CF07SCS93692
    Stock: S93692CH
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-25-2025

  • $82,577
    fair price
    $2,764 below market
    • 5,424 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 311 - 329 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Bill Jacobs BMW (341 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Naperville, IL / 341 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    **PREMIUM PACKAGE**, **ACTIVE BLIND SPOT DETECTION**, **REAR VIEW CAMERA**, **WIRELESS CHARGING**, **ALL WHEEL DRIVE**, **5-YEAR/UNLIMITED MILE BMW CP...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB523CF02SCS43993
    Stock: X44570
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

  • $79,800
    fair price
    $2,619 below market
    • 3,276 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 316 - 336 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • MAG BMW of Dublin (278 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dublin, OH / 278 miles away from Bowling Green, KY

    Price includes: $7500 - APR Credit. Exp. 02/02/2025

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WB523CF06SCU17869
    Stock: BM18263S
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

Showing 127 - 147 out of 185 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW iX

Read recent reviews for the BMW iX
Overall Consumer Rating
4.7 out of 5 stars14 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 14 reviews
  • 5 star
    (86%)
  • 4 star
    (7%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (7%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Electric Refinement

LuckyDrive, 09/29/2022
2022 BMW iX xDrive50 4dr SUV AWD (electric DD)
I picked up mine a couple weeks ago. Came from Tesla Y. Before that was a Mercedes GL450. Going to the Tesla was my test to see if I’d like electric. And I did- the Tesla was a good car. But I missed the refinement - the comfort - the precision of craftsmanship. And now that I have the iX, I have the best of both worlds. This is the best car, hands down, that I’ve ever owned. The … suspension is so perfect. The headlights (laser lights) are absolutely spectacular. Auto high beam reacts as fast as any human can to other cars. I don’t worry about it like I did with the Tesla- the Tesla was always just a little slow to adjust. When high beams come on, it’s theatrical. The middle of the road illuminates, and like opening a curtain on a stage, the high beam spreads wide (over about 1/2 second) across the road and to the trees and fields beside you. When you turn the wheel, a light fades in to the direction of your turn and fades out when the wheel returns straight. The B&W audio is absolutely spectacular. It’s the first car audio system I’ve not made a single adjustment to- no tone control, no EQ. Perfectly flat is superb. Oh, it’s stupidly quiet. Everything about this car is perfectly choreographed, measured, and intentional. I absolutely love it.
Report abuse

Used 2022 BMW iX in Bowling Green, KY Values

Estimated values
2022 BMW iX xDrive50 4dr SUV AWD (electric DD) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$38,946$43,012$47,255
Clean$38,427$42,417$46,576
Average$37,562$41,424$45,444
Rough$36,438$40,133$43,972

The average list price of a used 2022 BMW iX in Bowling Green, Kentucky is $77,363. The average mileage on a used BMW iX 2022 for sale in Bowling Green, Kentucky is 11,092. Based on the average mileage of 11,092 for used 2022 BMW iX for sale in Bowling Green, KY and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW iX 2022 in Bowling Green, Kentucky to be $37,562.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.