Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
26 listings
    • 27,825 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Autos of Dallas - Plano (303 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 303 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    Navigation, Back-Up Camera, Sun Roof, Climate Seats, Keyless Go, Blind Spot Monitor, Lane Keeping Assist, 18IN Wheels, WiFi Hotspot, Rear Spoiler, Sea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2GDCAZ4NC001615
    Stock: 001615
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-01-2025

    • 42,680 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Autos of Dallas - Irving (295 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Irving, TX / 295 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    Navigation, Back-Up Camera, Sun Roof, Climate Seats, Keyless Go, Blind Spot Monitor, Lane Keeping Assist, 18IN Wheels, WiFi Hotspot, Rear Spoiler, Sea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2GDCAZ9NC001190
    Stock: 001190
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-18-2025

    • 60,579 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Wells Auto Group (309 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Mckinney, TX / 309 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    2022 Lexus NX 250 Premium CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.Most of our vehicles also pre-qualify for up to a 100,000 mile extended warranty and low fi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJGDCAZ0N2002955
    Stock: N2002955
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 33,843 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • North Park Lexus of San Antonio (347 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 347 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    Certified. Heated Front Bucket Seats, Navigation system: Drive Connect Cloud Navigation (subscription required), Power Back Door, Wireless Apple CarPl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJADCAZ4N5001067
    Stock: U5001067
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $35,991
    fair price
    $294 below market
    • 32,190 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Lexus of Greenwood Village (448 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Greenwood Village, CO / 448 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Certified. Nori Green Pearl 2022 Lexus NX 250 Base AWD 8-Speed Automatic 2.5L I4 DOHC 16V Accessory Package 2 (PPO), A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJADCEZ1N2000910
    Stock: N2000910
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • New Listing
    $35,300
    good price
    $1,014 below market
    • 31,884 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Lexus of Greenwood Village (448 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Greenwood Village, CO / 448 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner. Certified. Nori Green Pearl 2022 Lexus NX 250 Base AWD 8-Speed Automatic 2.5L I4 DOHC 16V Accessory Package 2 (PPO), Alloy Wheel Loc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJADCEZ3N2000763
    Stock: N2000763
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

    • 35,540 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Autos of Dallas - Plano (303 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 303 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    Navigation, Back-Up Camera, Heated Seats, Keyless Go, Blind Spot Monitor, Lane Keeping Assist, 18IN Wheels, WiFi Hotspot, Rear Spoiler, Seat Memory, S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJADCAZ7P5012325
    Stock: 012325
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 15,939 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • North Park Lexus of San Antonio (347 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 347 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    Certified. L-CERTIFIED, 14 Display Navigation, Auto Rain Sensing Windshield Wipers, Clear Door Trim, Heads Up Display w/Digital Mirror, Heated & Venti...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJGDCAZ1P2007181
    Stock: U2007181
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • Price Drop
    $31,000
    great price
    $4,099 below market
    • 30,009 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Union, NJ / 1,597 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ADCAZ3NC002292
    Stock: NC002292P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $31,998
    good price
    $2,049 below market
    • 45,067 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Farmington Hills, MI / 1,179 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Navigation System,Remote Start,Satel...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ADCEZ5NC002160
    Stock: NC002160P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 46,505 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Crest Nissan (299 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Frisco, TX / 299 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner. 2022 Lexus NX 250 Premium Navigation, Sunroof & Power Liftgate Navigation/GPS, Sunroof/Moonroof, Leather, 1-Owner, Must See, Very Ra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJGDCAZ0N2002017
    Stock: TN2002017
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

  • New Listing
    $35,998
    fair price
    $926 above market
    • 22,773 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Huntsville, AL / 878 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ADCAZ8NC001512
    Stock: 27048454
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 19,084 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 1,219 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ADCAZ8NC001090
    Stock: 27127458
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 16,667 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 1,220 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJGDCAZ9N2000881
    Stock: 2003663123
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 27,879 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Palmdale, CA / 926 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJADCAZ3N5002162
    Stock: 27199604
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 74,973 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Gullo Ford of Conroe - The Woodlands (444 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Conroe, TX / 444 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Gray 2022 Lexus NX 250 Base FWD 8-Speed Automatic 2.5L I4 DOHC 16V Disclaimer: Although every reasonable effort has be...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJADCAZ2N5001052
    Stock: R400209A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

    • 40,772 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IN to TX*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 981 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJADCEZ6N2000966
    Stock: 27034594
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 25,186 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 934 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Keyles...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTJADCAZ6N5002236
    Stock: 5366768-1
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $34,998
    fair price
    $51 below market
    • 28,591 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Hoover, AL / 873 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ADCAZ6PC005836
    Stock: 27127192
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 9,945 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Duarte, CA / 918 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2ADCAZ4PC003034
    Stock: 27222663
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 21,717 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from IN to TX*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 981 miles away from Lubbock, TX

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2T2GDCAZ5PC003716
    Stock: 26950519
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

;
Showing 1 - 21 out of 26 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus NX 250

Read recent reviews for the Lexus NX 250
Overall Consumer Rating
3 out of 5 stars9 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 9 reviews
  • 5 star
    (33%)
  • 4 star
    (11%)
  • 3 star
    (11%)
  • 2 star
    (11%)
  • 1 star
    (33%)
1 out of 5 stars

Electrical nightmare.

NY4life, 07/27/2022
2022 Lexus NX 250 4dr SUV (2.5L 4cyl 8A)
Brand new Lexus NX250 with not even 400 miles is giving me issues already that the dealer doesn’t know what’s wrong with it. They were able to see that the car turned itself off in the computer logs, but couldn’t figure out why it would do that. Three times this car has shut off in what seems like a malfunction at a traffic light. I’m not talking about the feature “Stop&start”, but the … car will actually COMPLETELY turn off at the light. The car will shut my music off, chime really loudly, message will pop up that engine stopped and to shift to P and that there is low power steering, and check engine light will come on. Also keep in mind, when this happens my car is still in drive, thus the car acts like it’s in neutral until I put it in park. When I shift to P and restart the engine, it will turn back up with no hesitation and the check engine light will go away. Very disappointed. On the bright side the car is very smooth, quiet, and feels very nice. It’s a shame that It’s giving such electrical issues at such low miles.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Lexus NX 250 in Lubbock, TX Values

Estimated values
2022 Lexus NX 250 Premium 4dr SUV (2.5L 4cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$31,826$33,639$35,530
Clean$31,402$33,173$35,019
Average$30,695$32,397$34,167
Rough$29,776$31,387$33,061

The average list price of a used 2022 Lexus NX 250 in Lubbock, Texas is $36,462. The average mileage on a used Lexus NX 250 2022 for sale in Lubbock, Texas is 32,840. Based on the average mileage of 32,840 for used 2022 Lexus NX 250 for sale in Lubbock, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lexus NX 250 2022 in Lubbock, Texas to be $30,695.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.