Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
417 listings
    • 41,670 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,170 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBEY5MM310100
    Stock: 2003909185
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-29-2025

    • 59,249 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 1,314 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBDL7MM201742
    Stock: 2003946684
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-08-2025

    • 75,517 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 1,469 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBEY8MM231875
    Stock: 2003703979
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 59,064 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Leskovar Mitsubishi (388 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Kennewick, WA / 388 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    2021 MAZDA CX-30 2.5 TURBO, SUNROOF, LEATHER INTERIOR, NEW FRONT BRAKES, MAZDA NAVIGATION SYSTEM, HEATED FRONT SEATS, HEATED STEERING WHEEL, BOSE 1...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBEY1MM258299
    Stock: Q4849A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 42,837 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 1,626 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBEY7MM246822
    Stock: 2003975332
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 47,568 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 889 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBDY3MM252442
    Stock: 2004012638
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 41,767 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Chevrolet GMC of Madras (494 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Madras, OR / 494 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    4-Wheel Disc Brakes, 4.095 Axle Ratio, 8 Speakers, ABS brakes, Air Conditioning, Alloy wheels, AM/FM radio, AppLink/Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, Au...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBCM5PM522337
    Stock: P4109
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-06-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 79,534 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 32 Hwy MPG
    • Orem Mazda (373 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Orem, UT / 373 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    Clean CARFAX. 2021 Mazda CX-30 Premium Deep Crystal Blue Mica AWD I4 6-Speed AutomaticCome to www.OremMazda.com To See Our Specials!!!! Car Washes for...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (25 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBDLXMM204053
    Stock: 24778
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-13-2025

    • 46,550 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Dee Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (93 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Anaconda, MT / 93 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    EquipmentThis vehicle features a hands-free Bluetooth phone system. Start it from inside with remote start. This vehicle is a certified CARFAX...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBBM3PM530213
    Stock: 25A47
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-13-2025

  • New Listing
    • 80,594 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Birmingham, AL / 1,533 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMAAL9MM257793
    Stock: 2003653388
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-25-2025

    • 52,727 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 1,626 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMAAL1MM204859
    Stock: 2003676369
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-30-2025

  • New Listing
    • 60,397 miles
    • 5 Seats, 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 1,422 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMAAL5MM301188
    Stock: 2004008738
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-25-2025

    • 41,194 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Intermountain Motors (389 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Payson, UT / 389 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    2021 Mazda CX-30 Premium AWD with only 41,194 miles. This stylish sport utility vehicle, is powered by a robust SKYACTIV-G 2.5L I-4 engine delivering ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBCL1MM302437
    Stock: 302437
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

  • New Listing
    $20,225
    great price
    $3,471 below market
    • 25,484 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 1,980 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBCL2NM422409
    Stock: NM400409T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $26,632
    great price
    $1,841 below market
    • 8,218 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • 21st Century Auto Sales (181 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Blackfoot, ID / 181 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    2.5L I4 2.5 Carbon Turbo CARFAX One-Owner. 2024 Mazda CX-30 Zircon Sand Metallic AWD 6-Speed Automatic KBB Fair Market Range High: $31,960 22/30 City/...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBXY7RM644763
    Stock: M4373A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-10-2025

    • 7,169 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • AutoSavvy - Draper (357 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Draper, UT / 357 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBCM3PM567115
    Stock: 98389
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $20,487
    great price
    $2,399 below market
    • 42,025 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hamilton, NJ / 1,868 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Kee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBCLXNM457439
    Stock: NM457439U
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 21,908 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • AutoSavvy - Boise (292 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Boise, ID / 292 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBAM6PM581786
    Stock: 98978
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 19,608 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 26 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • AutoSavvy - Post Falls (314 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Post Falls, ID / 314 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBCM3PM563405
    Stock: 101264
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $27,998
    good price
    $2,035 below market
    • 12,874 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 22 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Larry H. Miller Honda Boise (291 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Boise, ID / 291 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    What a great deal on this 2024 Mazda! An awesome price considering its low mileage! Turbocharger technology provides forced air induction, enhancing p...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBEY7RM611149
    Stock: HOBP220419A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    $20,595
    great price
    $1,623 below market
    • 26,639 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Paramus, NJ / 1,874 miles away from Bozeman, MT

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,WiFi Hotspot,Power D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3MVDMBAL8NM416228
    Stock: PHP9115
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 64 - 84 out of 417 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mazda CX-30

Read recent reviews for the Mazda CX-30
Overall Consumer Rating
4.1 out of 5 stars57 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 57 reviews
  • 5 star
    (63%)
  • 4 star
    (9%)
  • 3 star
    (14%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (9%)
5 out of 5 stars

Roadie Report - CT to Texas and back - all good

Eclem, 04/12/2021
2021 Mazda CX-30 Select 4dr SUV AWD (2.5L 4cyl 6A)
We took our new CX30 on an extended roadie from CT down to TX and back during October. Gas mileage averaged 35 mpg at approx. 70 mph for the 4300 miles. We did a lot of mountain driving on top of tons of flat interstate driving that demanded good truck & RV passing power - the CX 30 has plenty of power. There was ample space for luggage and lots of other stuff in the rear with the seats … folded down. The BIG deal was the quiet and comfort - we are in our seventies and 10 hour stints were possible without any pain or drama - a really great road car. The best I've ever owned and I have had many.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Mazda CX-30 in Bozeman, MT Values

Estimated values
2021 Mazda CX-30 Turbo Premium Plus 4dr SUV AWD (2.5L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$19,789$21,437$23,096
Clean$19,322$20,903$22,490
Average$18,545$20,012$21,480
Rough$17,534$18,855$20,167

The average list price of a used 2021 Mazda CX-30 in Bozeman, Montana is $22,724. The average mileage on a used Mazda CX-30 2021 for sale in Bozeman, Montana is 42,504. Based on the average mileage of 42,504 for used 2021 Mazda CX-30 for sale in Bozeman, MT and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda CX-30 2021 in Bozeman, Montana to be $18,545.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.