Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
231 listings

Save with Ford Mustang Mach-E rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $24,300
    fair price
    $261 above market
    • 42,411 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 212 - 225 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Johnson Ford (68 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Burlington, NJ / 68 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    NAV, iPod/MP3 Input, Satellite Radio, Back-Up Camera, All Wheel Drive, WHEELS: 19 SHADOW SILVER-PAINTED ALU... TRANSMISSION: SINGLE SPEED, INTERIOR PR...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK1SS8NMA17866
    Stock: PT2040
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-03-2025

    • 7,905 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 290 mi range
    • Performance Ford Lincoln (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Randolph, NJ / 24 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    FORD CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED! 7 YEAR, 100,000 MILE WARRANTY! Call us at (888) 435-9961Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner.** OIL CHANGES FOR LIFE!! With purcha...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK3SU2RMA08101
    Stock: F13945
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 06-09-2025

    • 670 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 290 mi range
    • Sayville Ford (57 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sayville, NY / 57 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    2024 Ford Mustang Mach-E Premium AWD Single-Speed Automatic Electric Motor CARFAX One-Owner. * NO FEE DEALER*, *LIFETIME LIMITED POWERTRAIN/DRIVETRAIN...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK3SU6RMA03869
    Stock: 32367
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

    • 835 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 224 mi range
    • Sayville Ford (57 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sayville, NY / 57 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    2024 Ford Mustang Mach-E Select AWD Single-Speed Automatic Electric Motor CARFAX One-Owner. * NO FEE DEALER*, *LIFETIME LIMITED POWERTRAIN/DRIVETRAIN ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK1SU2RMA23315
    Stock: 32582
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-26-2025

    • 8,296 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 280 mi range
    • Fred Beans Ford (65 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Doylestown, PA / 65 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    2024 Ford Mustang Mach-E GT Electric Motor Single-Speed Automatic AWD 4D Sport Utility Rapid Red Metallic Tinted Clearcoat Ford Gold Certified, 7 Year...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK4SX7RMA11270
    Stock: F5152K
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    • 27,870 miles
    • 255 - 268 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to NJ*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Murrieta, CA / 2,397 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK4SE8NMA22139
    Stock: 27784572
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    • 7,721 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 254 - 268 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Dunphy Motors (76 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Philadelphia, PA / 76 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    Looking for a used car at an affordable price? You won't want to miss this excellent value! It just arrived on our lot, and surely won't be here long!...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK4SX4NMA60307
    Stock: 4C002A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    • 12,336 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 212 - 225 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Fred Beans Ford of Exton (100 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Exton, PA / 100 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    2022 Ford Mustang Mach-E Premium Dual Electric Motor Single-Speed Automatic AWD 4D Sport Utility Star White Metallic Tri-Coat Bought & Serviced at Fre...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK3SS3NMA24591
    Stock: E01003P
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 08-31-2025

    • 11,665 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 292 - 306 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Honesdale Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (73 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Honesdale, PA / 73 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    2022 Ford Mustang Mach-E California Route 1 Recent Arrival! CLEAN CARFAX, ONE OWNER, BLUE TOOTH, NEW PA STATE INSPECTION, FULLY RECONDITIONED, NAVIGAT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK2SU9NMA34795
    Stock: PMA34795
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

    • 27,240 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 213 - 227 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Performance Ford of Somerville (33 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Somerville, NJ / 33 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    99/86 City/Highway MPG2022 Ford Mustang Mach-E Premium Star White Metallic Tri-Coat Premium AWD Single-Speed Automatic Dual Electric Motor

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK3SS3NMA24980
    Stock: S0064
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-08-2025

    • 20,117 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 255 - 268 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Seattle, WA / 2,390 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Blue...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK4SE5NMA14922
    Stock: MA14922JE
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 9,932 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 1 owner, personal use
    • 294 - 308 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Autopia Motorcars (17 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Union, NJ / 17 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    Autopia motorcars on external data provided by the vehicle manufacture and other resources and,therefore,exact Configuration,specifications, Color and...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK2R76NMA22264
    Stock: A22264
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-14-2025

    • 33,988 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 255 - 269 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Seabreeze Ford (51 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Wall, NJ / 51 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    Sea Breeze is a family owned and operated dealership that has been in business for over 45 years. Our business model is simple, we treat each and ever...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK4SE3NMA10092
    Stock: U29883
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    • 24,432 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 295 - 308 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to NJ*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Norco, CA / 2,406 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK2R78NMA20211
    Stock: 27457890
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    • 24,073 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 255 - 269 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 2,440 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Automatic Parking,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Star...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK4SE3NMA52066
    Stock: F5G10298-1
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 44,297 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 255 - 268 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Maserati of Central New Jersey (30 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Edison, NJ / 30 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    2022 Ford Mustang Mach-E GT NO HIDDEN FEES!.This GT Mustang Mach-E is beautifully finished in Shadow Black and complimented by Black Onyx/Copper and t...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK4SE3NMA07760
    Stock: MNMA07760
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-13-2025

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    • 29,541 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 255 - 269 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Springfield Ford Lincoln (91 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Springfield, PA / 91 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    Experience the perfect blend of thrill and practicality with this 2022 Mustang Mach-E GT AWD! With 29,541 miles and a 91 kWh usable extended battery, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK4SE3NMA40435
    Stock: A0266A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-15-2025

    • 16,721 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 213 - 226 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Cars & Trucks 4 Sales (38 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in North Brunswick Township, NJ / 38 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK3SS7NMA25503
    Stock: 36271M
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

    • 43,289 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 254 - 268 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 534 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK4SE4NMA24955
    Stock: 2003863531
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    • 15,150 miles
    • 303 mi range
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to NJ*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Duarte, CA / 2,421 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK3R73NMA19408
    Stock: 27958768
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • EV RebatesCertain EVs and PHEVs may be eligible for a rebate. Buyer and car must qualify.
    $22,895
    great price
    $3,746 below market
    • 54,350 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 212 - 226 mi est. range
    • Outstanding battery score
    • Prestige Auto Group (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Avenel, NJ / 24 miles away from Paterson, NJ

    BEST PRICE ON THE MARKET! NO NEED FOR PERFECT CREDIT! FREE CARFAX! THIS CAR IS PRICED FOR A QUICK SALE! IT HAS A GREAT LOOKING EXTERIOR! PLEASE CALL ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3FMTK3SU8PMA69918
    Stock: OPA69918
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 106 - 126 out of 231 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Ford Mustang Mach-E

Read recent reviews for the Ford Mustang Mach-E
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars52 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 52 reviews
  • 5 star
    (67%)
  • 4 star
    (12%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (8%)
  • 1 star
    (4%)
5 out of 5 stars

48,000 and going strong

Ken H, 02/13/2021
2021 Ford Mustang Mach-E Premium 4dr Hatchback (electric DD)
Actually, mine is a Premium with the extended range battery. Picked up the car earlier this week and could not be more impressed. It’s light years ahead of anything I have driven and my last car was a 2019 Ford Energi with ever option. Build quality, performance, etc are top of the charts. Ride is firmer than the Fusion or my previous Volvo XC60. Only negative, had to educate the … dealer about some of the available rebates. Highly recommend this vehicle. Ford knocked it out of the park!! Update-6 months and 4200 miles. One meets the nicest people at charging stations. The car has been fantastic-best car ever. Have taken one 1,000 mile trip with no problems. Tomorrow, starting a cross-country trip. No mechanical issues today-solid as a rock. 4 years and 48k, update. Still love the car. Seems to be doing better with age and various updates. The new version of Blue Cruise with lane change is awesome and makes long trips less tiring and safer!!!
Report abuse

Used 2022 Ford Mustang Mach-E in Paterson, NJ Values

Estimated values
2022 Ford Mustang Mach-E Select 4dr Hatchback AWD (electric DD) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$23,214$25,020$26,907
Clean$22,730$24,467$26,280
Average$21,923$23,546$25,235
Rough$20,874$22,349$23,876

The average list price of a used 2022 Ford Mustang Mach-E in Paterson, New Jersey is $34,820. The average mileage on a used Ford Mustang Mach-E 2022 for sale in Paterson, New Jersey is 22,040. Based on the average mileage of 22,040 for used 2022 Ford Mustang Mach-E for sale in Paterson, NJ and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Ford Mustang Mach-E 2022 in Paterson, New Jersey to be $21,923.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.