Skip to FiltersReport abuse
511 listings
- New Listing$27,998fair price$618 above market
- 49,827 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 4cyl automatic
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from GA to TX*
Close
Located in Norcross, GA / 835 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBAY7N0622257
Stock: 26860058
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing$26,998fair price$492 below market
- 52,710 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 4cyl automatic
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from NC to TX*
Close
Located in Pineville, NC / 1,036 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBAY4N0608607
Stock: 27058086
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $31,384fair price
- 15,258 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 4cyl automatic
- Russell & Smith Mazda (142 mi away)
Close
Located in Houston, TX / 142 miles away from Austin, TX
CARFAX One-Owner. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Odometer is 19760 miles below market average!Soul Red Crystal Metallic 2022 Mazda CX-9 Touring...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBAY1N0610721
Stock: M15896A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-13-2025 - New Listing$24,998fair price$152 below market
- 40,359 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 4cyl automatic
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from VA to TX*
Close
Located in Virginia Beach, VA / 1,324 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBBY6N0610731
Stock: 27031556
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing$25,999fair price$518 below market
- 55,336 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 4cyl automatic
- Enterprise Car Sales (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Mobile, AL / 573 miles away from Austin, TX
Transfer of vehicle from another location to your neighborhood Enterprise Car Sales may require payment of a non-refundable transfer fee to begin the ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBCY4N0625565
Stock: 8DPGBM
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-03-2025 - Price Drop$30,998fair price$600 above market
- 33,692 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 4cyl automatic
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from MD to TX*
Close
Located in Laurel, MD / 1,335 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBDY3N0616547
Stock: 27202802
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing$27,998fair price$600 above market
- 15,445 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 4cyl automatic
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from VA to TX*
Close
Located in Woodbridge, VA / 1,300 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBBYXN0613499
Stock: 27030769
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing$29,998fair price$770 above market
- 56,828 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 4cyl automatic
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from IN to TX*
Close
Located in Indianapolis, IN / 923 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBEY3N0613565
Stock: 26816639
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $30,998fair price$515 above market
- 20,910 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 4cyl automatic
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from VA to TX*
Close
Located in Charlottesville, VA / 1,226 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBAY9N0615035
Stock: 27170638
Certified Pre-Owned: No - 20,507 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 4cyl automatic
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from GA to TX*
Close
Located in Savannah, GA / 989 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBAY2N0612560
Stock: 27243317
Certified Pre-Owned: No- New Listing$30,998fair price$868 above market
- 23,453 miles
- 4cyl automatic
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from GA to TX*
Close
Located in Norcross, GA / 835 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBAY6N0618569
Stock: 27183402
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $29,998fair price
- 30,350 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 4cyl automatic
- Jeff Haas Mazda (126 mi away)
Close
Located in Houston, TX / 126 miles away from Austin, TX
Sonic Silver Metallic exterior and Black interior. Heated Leather Seats, Moonroof, Third Row Seat, Aluminum Wheels, Power Liftgate, Rear Air. KEY FE...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBAY8N0614782
Stock: P29520
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-14-2025 - New Listing$27,998fair price$139 above market
- 22,650 miles
- 4cyl automatic
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from NJ to TX*
Close
Located in Maple Shade, NJ / 1,447 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBCY6N0600893
Stock: 26714136
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing$27,422fair price$320 below market
- 27,345 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 4cyl automatic
- Driveway (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Hamilton, NJ / 1,472 miles away from Austin, TX
CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless S...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBCY0N0600226
Stock: N0600226U
Certified Pre-Owned: No - 22,689 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 4cyl automatic
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from VA to TX*
Close
Located in Charlottesville, VA / 1,226 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: Yes
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBAY7N0614692
Stock: 27170729
Certified Pre-Owned: No- New Listing$29,998fair price$166 above market
- 29,610 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
- 4cyl automatic
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from GA to TX*
Close
Located in Savannah, GA / 989 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBAY9N0624446
Stock: 27243497
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $27,125good price
- 54,249 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 4cyl automatic
- Volvo Cars Southwest Houston (134 mi away)
Close
Located in Houston, TX / 134 miles away from Austin, TX
2022 Mazda CX-9 KEY FEATURES INCLUDELeather Seats, Third Row Seat, Sunroof, All Wheel Drive, Quad Bucket Seats Heated Leather Seats, Moonroof, Aluminu...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBDY6N0627929
Stock: 0627929A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-03-2025 - New Listing$27,998fair price$119 above market
- 32,639 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 4cyl automatic
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from VA to TX*
Close
Located in Sterling, VA / 1,302 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBCY8N0605982
Stock: 27031086
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing$30,998fair price$690 above market
- 29,455 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 4cyl automatic
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from SC to TX*
Close
Located in Charleston, SC / 1,056 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBDY5N0611690
Stock: 27171373
Certified Pre-Owned: No - Price Drop$30,998fair price$458 above market
- 31,607 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 4cyl automatic
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from MD to TX*
Close
Located in Gaithersburg, MD / 1,318 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBDY5N0614511
Stock: 27102135
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing$27,998fair price$46 below market
- 27,798 miles
- 4cyl automatic
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from GA to TX*
Close
Located in Stockbridge, GA / 822 miles away from Austin, TX
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBCY2N0601376
Stock: 27159681
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Showing 211 - 231 out of 511 listings
Consumer Reviews for the Mazda CX-9
Read recent reviews for the Mazda CX-9
The automotive press loves the CX-9, here’s why…
Tom D, 04/17/2019
2019 Mazda CX-9 Grand Touring 4dr SUV (2.5L 4cyl Turbo 6A)
The CX-9 is smaller than most vehicles in this segment but since I’m the only occupant 98% of the time it meets my needs. It’s arguably the best looking in terms of design and has the most luxurious interior of any other crossover in its class avoiding the excess of cheap plastic so common in other rides. The leather is superb, there’s real aluminum trim on the doors and dash, the … knobs for the infotainment system are beautifully machined aluminum that you’d expect to see in German import costing thousands more.
I was reluctant to move from a V6 to a turbo 4 cylinder but Mazda’s tuned this engine to perform and you’ll never notice the difference thanks to bountiful torque. You’d hope for better mileage but my experience in mixed driving so far is about 22-25 mpg. The chassis and suspension deliver exceptional handling and a quiet ride overall. Most autos today in the upper level trim include a suite of safety features which depending on the maker can be intrusive but not the Mazda. Lane keeping assist, adaptive cruise, reactive braking, blind spot monitoring, etc. are engaging and actually help you drive more safely rather than annoy you. The controversial engine start/stop alleged fuel saving feature is NOT found on the CX-9. The head’s up display is outstanding providing speed, speed limit info, safety suite feedback, and turn-by-turn directions from the nav system (unless you’re using Android Auto or Apple Car play for navigation). A 12 speaker Bose stereo is better than any factory system I’ve experienced in years.
It’s not all perfect; the front cockpit is a little snug (more like a sports car than a SUV/mini-van), the front seats could have more adjustment and longer cushions for better thigh support (not a problem for me but taller drivers might notice), third row seating is a penalty box for other than small children (I just folded them down and expanded my cargo capacity), and interior cabin storage is very meager. The HVAC seems a little slow to heat/cool the interior but acceptable (the ventilated cooled seats do work very well), and the infotainment/nav is kind of clunky to use, looks dated in appearance (your opinion will depend on what your last car was), and is quite slow to boot up. I’ve never had a 360 degree camera so the Mazda’s is a useful novelty but as others have noted the resolution is poor which is surprising given how far miniature camera tech has advanced the past few years. The piano black trim around the shifter and door window switches is so fragile it will scratch just looking at it. Finally, if you’re into physical media the CX-9 does not offer a CD player available.
Overall after a month of ownership I am enjoying my new Mazda and recommend it to those who need a crossover/SUV with more room than the 2-row models, but will rarely if ever need to put passengers in the very back.
I researched mid-sized 3-row crossovers for over a year before making this purchase and highly recommend anyone shopping for any new vehicle spend a lot of time studying owner’s forums to get the straight scoop on potential problem areas. The Mazda CX-9 Grand Touring (FWD) beat out the Toyota Highlander Limited Platinum and Honda Pilot Touring in my evaluation.
One Year Update: I've owned my CX-9 GT for just over a year now and it's been a trouble free pleasure to own. I've had no difficulties with this SUV and have a little over than 7K miles on it. Rides and handles great and the performance from the 4 cylinder turbo engine is brisk. My only annoyance is the sluggish boot up of the infotainment system; occasionally it won't load all of the Sirius/XM stations. Mileage on mostly rural backroads and highways is 22-24 MPG.
2 YEAR UPDATE: I'm starting on my 3rd year of ownership of the 2019 CX-9 GT with FWD and as I'm retired and with reduced activity in 2020 due to Covid only have 11,000 miles on the odometer. So far it's been a great vehicle, comfortable and sporty to drive for an SUV. Maintenance has thus far been routine oil/filter changes. The only thing I've had an issue with are the automatic folding side mirrors. Sometimes when the car is unlocked and the mirrors are fully deployed when I open the door they will either close completely or start to close then reopen. They never do this when the car is running or I'm driving, just when parked and the engine is off. There is a TSB about the auto folding mirrors which my VIN is covered under but the dealership couldn't reproduce the problem and couldn't find anything wrong. Other than that it's been a good experience.
3 YEAR UPDATE: I'm a little over 15K miles on my CX-9 and it continues to perform just fine. On the last routine service I had the original battery checked and it failed; the dealership replaced it under warranty. I'm still on the OEM tires. Mileage this past winter has varied from 22-25 MPG which is as good as I get.
One red flag for potential pre-owned buyers is that on the Mazda 24/7 owners forum I'm following an ongoing thread about issues with this generation CX-9 with the turbo 4-cyl. Some owners are having coolant leaks due to an engine defect which requires a major repair and in some cases an entire new engine. It seems earlier model years or those with higher mileage are involved but I'm monitoring this situation closely. Caveat emptor.
4 YEAR UPDATE: I've got a little over 20K miles on my 2019 CX-9 GT FWD and continue to enjoy pretty much trouble free motoring. The electric folding mirrors continue to do strange things, the passenger side mirror stopped folding all the way in when locking the vehicle for a few months this past winter and the dealer couldn't find a problem. Lately it has been operating normally? Mileage remains about the same around 22-23 MPG and occasionally 24-25 on longer highway trips. As mentioned last time, engine problems with this generation Mazda CX-9 turbo 4 are well documented on owner's forums like Mazda 24/7; specifically a coolant leak due to a cracked cylinder head or an oil leak with both often requiring a complete engine replacement costing thousands. This is happening in higher mileage CX-9's and since they are out of warranty the owner is having to eat the cost in most cases. There are TSB's out on this known problem but no recall and affected owners are not happy. I'd advise anyone considering buying a used 2016-2022 CX-9 to do some homework on these owner's forums and know what you are getting into. I plan to ride this out until I replace my car in early 2025 since I don't drive that much and hope the lower mileage and wear and tear will spare me this problem.
FINAL UPDATE: Had to delete some previous updates due to space, I traded in this vehicle in January before the tariffs and bought a 2025 Ford Explorer ST. I looked at the CX-90 and find the interior storage space to be even worse than the CX-9. I didn't want another Mazda because of the engine issues I described earlier in other CX-9's even though I did not experience them. Caveat emptor for those considering buying a used one of this generation.
Used 2022 Mazda CX-9 in Austin, TX Values
Estimated values
2022 Mazda CX-9 Touring Plus 4dr SUV AWD (2.5L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
| Condition | Trade-In | Private Party | Dealer Retail |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outstanding | $28,135 | $29,535 | $30,995 |
| Clean | $27,663 | $29,016 | $30,427 |
| Average | $26,875 | $28,151 | $29,480 |
| Rough | $25,852 | $27,028 | $28,249 |
The average list price of a used 2022 Mazda CX-9 in Austin, Texas is $29,138. The average mileage on a used Mazda CX-9 2022 for sale in Austin, Texas is 32,987. Based on the average mileage of 32,987 for used 2022 Mazda CX-9 for sale in Austin, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda CX-9 2022 in Austin, Texas to be $26,875.
Filters
Skip to ResultsApplied Filters4Active
Make & Model
Year
New / Used
Price & Payments
Price Rating
Body Type
Trim
Mileage
Accidents & History
Engine & Drivetrain
Exterior Color
Interior Color
Total Seating
Edmunds Review
Features
Options & Packages
MPG
* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.