Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,865 listings
    • 56,140 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MD to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Brandywine, MD / 2,332 miles away from Bothell, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXDN2MW751246
    Stock: 27525188
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $33,998
    fair price
    $1,208 above market
    • 41,484 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 2,519 miles away from Bothell, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEN5MW687850
    Stock: 27604476
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 44,329 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 2,014 miles away from Bothell, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXFG6MW601297
    Stock: 2003755357
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 46,444 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4 Seats
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,877 miles away from Bothell, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4GJXAN2MW691601
    Stock: 27349452
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    • 95,839 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • GoldBoyz Auto Sales (41 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Puyallup, WA / 41 miles away from Bothell, WA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4BJWDG1HL505488
    Stock: 1775
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • New Listing
    • 68,477 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 2,014 miles away from Bothell, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEG9MW577420
    Stock: 2003871300
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

    • 44,656 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 2,279 miles away from Bothell, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEG9KW566608
    Stock: 2003896388
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-14-2025

  • New Listing
    • 44,278 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from VA to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 2,317 miles away from Bothell, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEG9MW845043
    Stock: 27273375
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 82,822 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, MO / 1,501 miles away from Bothell, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXFN4MW534584
    Stock: 2003864927
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

  • New Listing
    • 74,991 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Costa Mesa, CA / 1,000 miles away from Bothell, WA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Satellite Radio,Turbo/Supercharged,WiFi Hotspot,4 Cylin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXFN4KW601262
    Stock: KW601262A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 47,182 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,681 miles away from Bothell, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEG0MW620719
    Stock: 2003833876
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-27-2025

  • New Listing
    • 46,726 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 1,862 miles away from Bothell, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXFG2MW848818
    Stock: 2003877609
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    $26,971
    great price
    $4,119 below market
    • 60,829 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Kendall Ford of Marysville (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Marysville, WA / 24 miles away from Bothell, WA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Billet Silver Metallic Clearcoat 2018 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sahara 4D Sport Utility 2.0L I4 DOHC 8-Speed Automatic 4...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXEN8JW189802
    Stock: I7973A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 80,783 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, MO / 1,501 miles away from Bothell, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXFG0MW697122
    Stock: 2003895745
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

    • 47,159 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Spokane, WA / 224 miles away from Bothell, WA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wheel,Keyless Start,Remote Start,Sa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXFG7MW528621
    Stock: MW528621B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $32,990
    fair price
    $1,220 above market
    • 77,437 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 2,525 miles away from Bothell, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXFN5KW502112
    Stock: 2003815575
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

  • $33,990
    fair price
    $153 below market
    • 60,104 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 2,002 miles away from Bothell, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXFG2MW611552
    Stock: 2003812640
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 62,999 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Freeman Motor Company (162 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 162 miles away from Bothell, WA

    Freeman Motor Company is a 3 time winner of Oregon's QUALITY Dealer of the YEAR. You can connect with us by calling 5**-4**-0***.Call now or visit o...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXENXMW589185
    Stock: SCJP9185
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

    • 55,293 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 2,279 miles away from Bothell, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXFG9KW500283
    Stock: 2003855337
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-01-2025

  • New Listing
    • 63,936 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 1,862 miles away from Bothell, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4HJXFN8MW599292
    Stock: 2003869297
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

  • New Listing
    • 53,493 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 2,002 miles away from Bothell, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4JJXFM1MW731866
    Stock: 2003855503
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

Showing 631 - 651 out of 1,865 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Wrangler

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Wrangler
Overall Consumer Rating
3.5 out of 5 stars75 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 75 reviews
  • 5 star
    (41%)
  • 4 star
    (21%)
  • 3 star
    (7%)
  • 2 star
    (8%)
  • 1 star
    (23%)
4 out of 5 stars

Capable but not for everyone

Thom Mills, 03/17/2020
2020 Jeep Wrangler Sport S 2dr SUV 4WD (3.6L 6cyl 6M)
The 2-door Wrangler (Sport S trim, 3.6l, manual, with limited slip rear diff in my case) is really capable off road, though it’s not without at least one flaw: the engine. You don’t normally want an engine that comes into its own at higher RPM if you are off road. The lack of low end torque in this engine, especially with the manual gear box, is less than ideal. With that said, there’s … a lot of people griping about the cost of one of these things compared to other 4x4 SUVs. These days there are no purpose built off road vehicles that are designed specifically for the most challenging situations. Not at this price point. Even unmodified the Wrangler is more capable than anything else out there. The “vague” steering? Enjoy the benefits of that solid front axle. The “road noise?” Enjoy the light top that keeps the center of gravity low for off road tracks. Many complaints are actually highlighting what is good about the Wrangler. Although the seats are surprisingly comfortable (I enjoy the lower lumbar adjustment) you aren’t paying for high end interior trim or “soft touch” materials. You’re paying for sealed electronics, the ability to spray out the interior, the Dana axles and everything else that you won’t see on a normal 4x4 SUV. I bought this thing to go wherever I want, to have the ability to add things like a winch, a lift kit beyond 2” (good luck doing that with an independent front suspension) for hunting and camping trips. It’s so I have very few geographical limits. If that’s not what you want, maybe you should look elsewhere. If you want a cool looking little SUV with an independent front suspension, and all that entails, wait for the new Bronco. If you actually want an extremely capable solid axle vehicle designed specifically for going off road pick a Wrangler. You won’t be disappointed.
Report abuse

Used 2021 Jeep Wrangler in Bothell, WA Values

Estimated values
2021 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited Sport S 4dr SUV 4WD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$22,559$24,520$26,494
Clean$22,027$23,909$25,799
Average$21,141$22,891$24,640
Rough$19,988$21,567$23,134

The average list price of a used 2021 Jeep Wrangler in Bothell, Washington is $33,482. The average mileage on a used Jeep Wrangler 2021 for sale in Bothell, Washington is 59,781. Based on the average mileage of 59,781 for used 2021 Jeep Wrangler for sale in Bothell, WA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Jeep Wrangler 2021 in Bothell, Washington to be $21,141.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.