Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
1,480 listings
    • 68,830 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Matt LaFontaine Chevrolet GMC (134 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Grayling, MI / 134 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Inspection Process, Apple Car Play, Heated Seats, Bluetooth / Handsfree Calling, Back Up Camera, Local Trade, Alloy Wheels, Tinted Windows, Meticulo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCAAG0JH121179
    Stock: 25G696A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2025

  • Price Drop
    $17,699
    fair price
    $645 above market
    • 45,896 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • JEM AUTO SALES (474 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Anoka, MN / 474 miles away from Lansing, MI

    2018 CHRYSTLER 300 LIMITED CLEAN CARFAX AND SERVICE RECORDS ON THE CARFAX.The car comes with a 3M/3K MILE LIMITED POWERTRAIN WARRANTY. It is LEATHER L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCAEG6JH324474
    Stock: 324474
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 24,903 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 507 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCAAG2JH144334
    Stock: 2003835819
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-28-2025

  • $16,999
    fair price
    $491 above market
    • 69,459 miles
    • 3 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Park Place Motors (466 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Crossville, TN / 466 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Low Miles, Backup Camera, Remote Start*** ***BANK FINANCING AVAILABLE***LOW MONTHLY PAYMENTS***TRADE-INS WELCOME*** APPLY HERE (COPY AND PASTE IN BROW...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCAAGXJH340649
    Stock: Q824
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 73,459 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Unlimited Motors Noblesville (202 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Noblesville, IN / 202 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCABG1GH167563
    Stock: STK16756K
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

    • 49,216 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Cleveland (170 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 170 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCAEG0GH111996
    Stock: 2003904564
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

  • New Listing
    • 77,611 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Cardinal Buick GMC (409 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Belleville, IL / 409 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Billet Silver Metallic Clearcoat 2018 Chrysler 300 Touring AWD 8-Speed Automatic 3.6L 6-Cylinder SMPI DOHC Quick Order Package 22E Touring, Radio: Uco...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCARG6JH292233
    Stock: G4494A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

    • 143,019 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • VanDevere Kia (193 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Akron, OH / 193 miles away from Lansing, MI

    ABOUT THIS VEHICLE ALLOY WHEELS, BACKUP CAMERA, BLUETOOTH, CRUISE CONTROL, HEATED SEATS, LEATHER SEATS, ONE KEY, REMOTE START, TOUCH SCREEN CONTROLS. ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCAAG8JH320044
    Stock: DP5404A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-27-2025

    • 25,875 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Galeana's Van Dyke Dodge Ram (79 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Warren, MI / 79 miles away from Lansing, MI

    CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Velvet Red Pearlcoat 2022 Chrysler 300 Touring AWD 8-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 24V VVT 19" x 7.5" Polished Aluminum Whee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCARGXNH177530
    Stock: 5977P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • New Listing
    • 16,511 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • 44 Auto Mart (353 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Elizabethtown, KY / 353 miles away from Lansing, MI

    We are open and ready to serve you! Shop safely and conveniently from the comfort of your home. Contact us today to schedule a virtual walkaround! Loc...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCADG1NH162955
    Stock: 28889
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-24-2025

    • 39,824 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Cleveland (170 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 170 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCAGG4GH194698
    Stock: 2003856135
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 99,611 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Napleton Ford of Libertyville (176 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Libertyville, IL / 176 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Non-Smoker vehicle, CarFax Certified One-Owner Vehicle, CarFax Certified , Navigation, Locally Owned, Excellent Condition, Fully Inspected by our Napl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCABT3JH151448
    Stock: 5F188C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • New Listing
    • 33,523 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 507 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCAAG8JH137288
    Stock: 2003861592
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 105,151 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 507 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCAAG9JH275695
    Stock: 2003916682
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-26-2025

  • New Listing
    • 97,315 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 507 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCAAG5JH249515
    Stock: 2003912286
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-23-2025

    • 112,931 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Golden Motors (173 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 173 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Visit Golden Motors Sale online at www.goldenmotorsil.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 7**-7**-5*** today to schedule your ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCAAG2JH275442
    Stock: v1390
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • New Listing
    • 50,213 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 19 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Hillside (Eisenhower Expy) (181 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hillside, IL / 181 miles away from Lansing, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCABG8GH269801
    Stock: 27227442
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    $14,999
    fair price
    $539 above market
    • 99,196 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Drive Smart Auto Sales (234 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in West Chester, OH / 234 miles away from Lansing, MI

    DRIVESMARTWC.COM 5-Year Maintenance Plan Included on Every Purchase! See dealer for Details. Velvet Red Pearlcoat 2018 Chrysler 300 Touring RWD 8-Spee...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCAAG0JH302136
    Stock: 302136
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-31-2024

    • 166,771 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Macon MotorSports (436 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Lafayette, TN / 436 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Visit Macon Motorsports LLC online at maconmotorsportsllc.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 6**-6**-7*** today to schedule y...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCABG2JH264133
    Stock: 264133
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

    • 97,344 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 856 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCABG9JH211123
    Stock: 2003846804
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 72,511 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,614 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CCAEGXJH263792
    Stock: 2003837192
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-01-2025

Showing 568 - 588 out of 1,480 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Chrysler 300

Read recent reviews for the Chrysler 300
Overall Consumer Rating
4.8 out of 5 stars29 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 29 reviews
  • 5 star
    (86%)
  • 4 star
    (10%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
5 out of 5 stars

Best car for the dollar!

Jacob, 03/27/2019
2019 Chrysler 300 C 4dr Sedan (5.7L 8cyl 8A)
Dollar for dollar there is no better!!! Came from an S -Class, while the 300 is down a rung or two from that , I only paid a third of the price. 33% of the price for 80% of the experience is a WIN-WIN for the 300C. 300 and Hemi never stop pleasing! UPDATE - 3 years later and still great! Buy one while you still can!
Report abuse

Used 2018 Chrysler 300 in Lansing, MI Values

Estimated values
2018 Chrysler 300 Touring L 4dr Sedan (3.6L 6cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$13,645$15,827$17,624
Clean$13,174$15,270$16,993
Average$12,389$14,342$15,940
Rough$11,368$13,136$14,572

The average list price of a used 2018 Chrysler 300 in Lansing, Michigan is $19,347. The average mileage on a used Chrysler 300 2018 for sale in Lansing, Michigan is 74,722. Based on the average mileage of 74,722 for used 2018 Chrysler 300 for sale in Lansing, MI and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Chrysler 300 2018 in Lansing, Michigan to be $12,389.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.