Skip to FiltersReport abuse
569 listings
- 27,583 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
- 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Baltimore, MD / 316 miles away from Worcester, MA
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBDY8N0617628
Stock: 2003692608
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-06-2025- New Listing
- 48,369 miles
- 7 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from NC to MA*
Close
Located in Raleigh, NC / 575 miles away from Worcester, MA
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBDY8G0122624
Stock: 27574556
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing
- 29,187 miles
- 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from CA to MA*
Close
Located in Pleasanton, CA / 2,628 miles away from Worcester, MA
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBDY2N0620508
Stock: 27457157
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing
- 29,190 miles
- 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from CA to MA*
Close
Located in Pleasanton, CA / 2,628 miles away from Worcester, MA
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBDY9N0613720
Stock: 27457287
Certified Pre-Owned: No - 33,922 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
- 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from MD to MA*
Close
Located in Laurel, MD / 339 miles away from Worcester, MA
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBCYXN0619303
Stock: 27320690
Certified Pre-Owned: No- $29,998fair price$70 below market
- 32,182 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
- 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from NY to MA*
Close
Located in East Meadow, NY / 139 miles away from Worcester, MA
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBDY0N0617770
Stock: 27171448
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing
- 47,181 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
- 7 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Buffalo, NY / 357 miles away from Worcester, MA
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBEY0G0102429
Stock: 2003786388
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-11-2025 - New Listing
- 36,211 miles
- 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from FL to MA*
Close
Located in Doral, FL / 1,237 miles away from Worcester, MA
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBAY8N0612109
Stock: 27322243
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing
- 39,691 miles
- 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from NJ to MA*
Close
Located in Maple Shade, NJ / 229 miles away from Worcester, MA
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBDYXN0616786
Stock: 27031077
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing
- 39,147 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Charlotte, NC / 685 miles away from Worcester, MA
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBAY7N0610609
Stock: 2003749931
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-17-2025 - New Listing
- 39,129 miles
- 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from CA to MA*
Close
Located in Irvine, CA / 2,538 miles away from Worcester, MA
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBDY7N0613330
Stock: 27381869
Certified Pre-Owned: No - 137,274 miles
- Issue reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
- 7 Seats, 21 City / 27 Hwy MPG
- Sam's Auto Group (38 mi away)
Close
Located in Cranston, RI / 38 miles away from Worcester, MA
2016 Mazda CX-9 Sleek, Sophisticated, and Built to Perform VIN: JM3TCBCY8G0112256 Turn heads and enjoy every mile in the 2016 Mazda CX-9 a midsize S...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Issue reported
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBCY8G0112256
Stock: 1412711
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-29-2025- $28,995great price$3,262 below market
- 18,600 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- First Choice Auto Sales (50 mi away)
Close
Located in Haverhill, MA / 50 miles away from Worcester, MA
1 OWNER 2023 MAZDA CX9 TOURING PLUS ALL WHEEL DRIVE BLUE ON BLACK HEATED AIRCONIDITIONED SEATS , SURNOOF LOADED WITH ALL NEW TIRES AND SERVICED BY MAZ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBAY0P0646015
Stock: P0646015
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-01-2025 - $8,500great price$2,242 below market
- 135,781 miles
- No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
- 7 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
- Central A/S (47 mi away)
Close
Located in East Windsor, CT / 47 miles away from Worcester, MA
Ask about our IN HOUSE financing Program Call for more details 1 (8**) 7**-7***
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TB3DV6F0455272
Stock: 455272 LOT B
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-27-2025 - Price Drop
- 24,364 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- Carvana (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Buffalo, NY / 357 miles away from Worcester, MA
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBDY5N0619532
Stock: 2003750801
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 05-30-2025 - $24,942great price$2,398 below market
- 50,763 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- Driveway (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Knoxville, TN / 785 miles away from Worcester, MA
CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless S...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBAY2P0658165
Stock: P0658165P
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $27,000good price$1,755 below market
- 24,075 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- Driveway (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Las Vegas, NV / 2,335 miles away from Worcester, MA
CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless S...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBCY6P0639258
Stock: N639258CD
Certified Pre-Owned: No - Price Drop$27,490great price$2,483 below market
- 44,774 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- Driveway (In-stock online)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Wexford, PA / 440 miles away from Worcester, MA
CarFax 1-Owner,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated Seats,Heated Steering Wh...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBDY4P0632498
Stock: A632498P
Certified Pre-Owned: No - $28,987good price$1,613 below market
- 36,792 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
- 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- Metro Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (38 mi away)
Close
Located in Chicopee, MA / 38 miles away from Worcester, MA
Machine Gray Metallic 2023 Mazda CX-9 Grand Touring AWD 6-Speed Automatic 2.5L 4-Cylinder ONE OWNER, REMAINDER OF FACTORY WARRANTY, RECENT METRO CJD T...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBDY5P0631683
Stock: P8076
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-08-2025 - $32,998fair price$72 above market
- 8,787 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 7 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from NC to MA*
Close
Located in Charlotte, NC / 686 miles away from Worcester, MA
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBAYXP0654882
Stock: 27282464
Certified Pre-Owned: No - New Listing$33,998fair price$32 above market
- 10,445 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 6 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
- CarMax (In-stock online)
- Transfer available from MD to MA*
Close
Located in Ellicott City, MD / 332 miles away from Worcester, MA
CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
23 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: JM3TCBDY6P0633426
Stock: 27363705
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Showing 358 - 378 out of 569 listings
Consumer Reviews for the Mazda CX-9
Read recent reviews for the Mazda CX-9
The automotive press loves the CX-9, here’s why…
Tom D, 04/17/2019
2019 Mazda CX-9 Grand Touring 4dr SUV (2.5L 4cyl Turbo 6A)
The CX-9 is smaller than most vehicles in this segment but since I’m the only occupant 98% of the time it meets my needs. It’s arguably the best looking in terms of design and has the most luxurious interior of any other crossover in its class avoiding the excess of cheap plastic so common in other rides. The leather is superb, there’s real aluminum trim on the doors and dash, the … knobs for the infotainment system are beautifully machined aluminum that you’d expect to see in German import costing thousands more.
I was reluctant to move from a V6 to a turbo 4 cylinder but Mazda’s tuned this engine to perform and you’ll never notice the difference thanks to bountiful torque. You’d hope for better mileage but my experience in mixed driving so far is about 22-25 mpg. The chassis and suspension deliver exceptional handling and a quiet ride overall. Most autos today in the upper level trim include a suite of safety features which depending on the maker can be intrusive but not the Mazda. Lane keeping assist, adaptive cruise, reactive braking, blind spot monitoring, etc. are engaging and actually help you drive more safely rather than annoy you. The controversial engine start/stop alleged fuel saving feature is NOT found on the CX-9. The head’s up display is outstanding providing speed, speed limit info, safety suite feedback, and turn-by-turn directions from the nav system (unless you’re using Android Auto or Apple Car play for navigation). A 12 speaker Bose stereo is better than any factory system I’ve experienced in years.
It’s not all perfect; the front cockpit is a little snug (more like a sports car than a SUV/mini-van), the front seats could have more adjustment and longer cushions for better thigh support (not a problem for me but taller drivers might notice), third row seating is a penalty box for other than small children (I just folded them down and expanded my cargo capacity), and interior cabin storage is very meager. The HVAC seems a little slow to heat/cool the interior but acceptable (the ventilated cooled seats do work very well), and the infotainment/nav is kind of clunky to use, looks dated in appearance (your opinion will depend on what your last car was), and is quite slow to boot up. I’ve never had a 360 degree camera so the Mazda’s is a useful novelty but as others have noted the resolution is poor which is surprising given how far miniature camera tech has advanced the past few years. The piano black trim around the shifter and door window switches is so fragile it will scratch just looking at it. Finally, if you’re into physical media the CX-9 does not offer a CD player available.
Overall after a month of ownership I am enjoying my new Mazda and recommend it to those who need a crossover/SUV with more room than the 2-row models, but will rarely if ever need to put passengers in the very back.
I researched mid-sized 3-row crossovers for over a year before making this purchase and highly recommend anyone shopping for any new vehicle spend a lot of time studying owner’s forums to get the straight scoop on potential problem areas. The Mazda CX-9 Grand Touring (FWD) beat out the Toyota Highlander Limited Platinum and Honda Pilot Touring in my evaluation.
One Year Update: I've owned my CX-9 GT for just over a year now and it's been a trouble free pleasure to own. I've had no difficulties with this SUV and have a little over than 7K miles on it. Rides and handles great and the performance from the 4 cylinder turbo engine is brisk. My only annoyance is the sluggish boot up of the infotainment system; occasionally it won't load all of the Sirius/XM stations. Mileage on mostly rural backroads and highways is 22-24 MPG.
2 YEAR UPDATE: I'm starting on my 3rd year of ownership of the 2019 CX-9 GT with FWD and as I'm retired and with reduced activity in 2020 due to Covid only have 11,000 miles on the odometer. So far it's been a great vehicle, comfortable and sporty to drive for an SUV. Maintenance has thus far been routine oil/filter changes. The only thing I've had an issue with are the automatic folding side mirrors. Sometimes when the car is unlocked and the mirrors are fully deployed when I open the door they will either close completely or start to close then reopen. They never do this when the car is running or I'm driving, just when parked and the engine is off. There is a TSB about the auto folding mirrors which my VIN is covered under but the dealership couldn't reproduce the problem and couldn't find anything wrong. Other than that it's been a good experience.
3 YEAR UPDATE: I'm a little over 15K miles on my CX-9 and it continues to perform just fine. On the last routine service I had the original battery checked and it failed; the dealership replaced it under warranty. I'm still on the OEM tires. Mileage this past winter has varied from 22-25 MPG which is as good as I get.
One red flag for potential pre-owned buyers is that on the Mazda 24/7 owners forum I'm following an ongoing thread about issues with this generation CX-9 with the turbo 4-cyl. Some owners are having coolant leaks due to an engine defect which requires a major repair and in some cases an entire new engine. It seems earlier model years or those with higher mileage are involved but I'm monitoring this situation closely. Caveat emptor.
4 YEAR UPDATE: I've got a little over 20K miles on my 2019 CX-9 GT FWD and continue to enjoy pretty much trouble free motoring. The electric folding mirrors continue to do strange things, the passenger side mirror stopped folding all the way in when locking the vehicle for a few months this past winter and the dealer couldn't find a problem. Lately it has been operating normally? Mileage remains about the same around 22-23 MPG and occasionally 24-25 on longer highway trips. As mentioned last time, engine problems with this generation Mazda CX-9 turbo 4 are well documented on owner's forums like Mazda 24/7; specifically a coolant leak due to a cracked cylinder head or an oil leak with both often requiring a complete engine replacement costing thousands. This is happening in higher mileage CX-9's and since they are out of warranty the owner is having to eat the cost in most cases. There are TSB's out on this known problem but no recall and affected owners are not happy. I'd advise anyone considering buying a used 2016-2022 CX-9 to do some homework on these owner's forums and know what you are getting into. I plan to ride this out until I replace my car in early 2025 since I don't drive that much and hope the lower mileage and wear and tear will spare me this problem.
FINAL UPDATE: Had to delete some previous updates due to space, I traded in this vehicle in January before the tariffs and bought a 2025 Ford Explorer ST. I looked at the CX-90 and find the interior storage space to be even worse than the CX-9. I didn't want another Mazda because of the engine issues I described earlier in other CX-9's even though I did not experience them. Caveat emptor for those considering buying a used one of this generation.
Used 2022 Mazda CX-9 in Worcester, MA Values
Estimated values
2022 Mazda CX-9 Carbon Edition 4dr SUV AWD (2.5L 4cyl Turbo 6A) with no options
| Condition | Trade-In | Private Party | Dealer Retail |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outstanding | $25,890 | $27,549 | $29,280 |
| Clean | $25,456 | $27,065 | $28,744 |
| Average | $24,731 | $26,259 | $27,849 |
| Rough | $23,789 | $25,210 | $26,686 |
The average list price of a used 2022 Mazda CX-9 in Worcester, Massachusetts is $27,955. The average mileage on a used Mazda CX-9 2022 for sale in Worcester, Massachusetts is 42,545. Based on the average mileage of 42,545 for used 2022 Mazda CX-9 for sale in Worcester, MA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Mazda CX-9 2022 in Worcester, Massachusetts to be $24,731.
Filters
Skip to ResultsApplied Filters4Active
Make & Model
Year
New / Used
Price & Payments
Price Rating
Body Type
Trim
Mileage
Accidents & History
Engine & Drivetrain
Exterior Color
Interior Color
Total Seating
Edmunds Review
Features
Options & Packages
MPG
* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.