Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
73 listings
  • $45,942
    fair price
    $2,198 below market
    • 46,516 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Eddy's Toyota of Wichita (418 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wichita, KS / 418 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHC51FF9K5006156
    Stock: IT44620
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-19-2025

  • $42,995
    fair price
    $1,001 below market
    • 55,330 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Unlimited Motors Elwood (328 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Elwood, IN / 328 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHC51FFXK5006974
    Stock: STK006974
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 61,979 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Principle Toyota (490 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 490 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHB51FF0K5008695
    Stock: K5008695P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 42,374 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Germain Lexus of Easton (477 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 477 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHC51FF0K5005977
    Stock: 50898A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

    • 68,910 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (438 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 438 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    High Demand,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heads-Up Display,Heated Seats,Heated Steering W...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHC51FFXK5006621
    Stock: K5006621TS
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $37,400
    good price
    $3,212 below market
    • 59,554 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • CarWise Gurnee (194 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Gurnee, IL / 194 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHC51FF8J5003182
    Stock: GL28360
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-21-2025

  • Price Drop
    $30,500
    good price
    $2,213 below market
    • 138,039 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Noblesville Imports (330 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Noblesville, IN / 330 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Blue 2020 Lexus LS 500 Base Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX.ONE OWNER, CLEAN CARFAX, NO ACCIDENTS, DEALER SERVI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHD51GF6L5008113
    Stock: 008113
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-17-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $46,998
    fair price
    $2,135 above market
    • 26,593 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Walser Auto Campus (414 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wichita, KS / 414 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    2018 Lexus LS 500, located at Lexus of Wichita. Original MSRP $91,367. Atomic Silver with Black Leather interior. This local 1 owner LS is equipped wi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHC51FF6J5003763
    Stock: 54L1209T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-12-2025

  • $42,600
    fair price
    $1,217 above market
    • 39,014 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Autos of Chicago (193 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Arlington Heights, IL / 193 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Reward yourself with our 2018 Lexus LS 500 AWD Sedan in Manganese Luster! Motivated by a Twin TurboCharged 3.5 Liter V6 offering 416hp paired with a r...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHC51FF4J5004233
    Stock: 2788
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2023

  • $37,432
    fair price
    $1,664 above market
    • 72,002 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Joe Machens Ford Lincoln (211 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbia, MO / 211 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    2018 Lexus LS 500 BaseIf you live in Columbia, Ashland, Hallsville, Centralia, Jefferson City, Mexico, Fulton, Holts Summit, Moberly, Sedalia, Camd...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHC51FF4J5005110
    Stock: J5005110
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-13-2025

    • 36,896 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Chicago Auto Place (190 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Downers Grove, IL / 190 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Thank you for visiting another one of Chicago Auto Place's exclusive listings! CALL US NOW FOR A FREE QUOTE 630-422-1122 FOR MORE PHOTOS VISIT WWW.CHI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHC5LFF3J5004879
    Stock: H9008
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 59,376 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Walser Auto Campus (414 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Wichita, KS / 414 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    2018 Lexus LS 500, located at Lexus of Wichita. Original MSRP $89,226. Manganese Luster with Parchment Leather interior. This local LS is equipped wit...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHC51FF8J5004378
    Stock: 54L1042P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 65,677 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Walser Auto Campus (414 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wichita, KS / 414 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    2018 Lexus LS 500 RWD, located at Lexus of Wichita. Original MSRP $101,298. Atomic Silver with Black Leather interior. This LS is equipped with the Co...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHB5LFF2J5000897
    Stock: 54L1047P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-19-2025

  • New Listing
    $55,992
    great price
    $10,533 below market
    • 36,062 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 17 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Brookfield (195 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Brookfield, WI / 195 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    **L/Certified and Luxury Package (Four-Zone Climate Concierge, Heated & Ventilated Rear Seats, Luxury/Executive Htd/Ventilated Front Bucket Seats, Pow...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHG5LGF8M5009807
    Stock: PJP2704
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 45,655 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Orland (202 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Orland Park, IL / 202 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    Manganese Luste 2020 Lexus LS 500 F Sport AWD 10-Speed Automatic 3.5L V6 DOHC 24V NAVIGATION!, BOUGHT HERE SERVICED HERE!, LOCAL TRADE!, ONE OWNER!, G...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHF51GF8L5007523
    Stock: LX06661
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    $49,578
    great price
    $11,258 below market
    • 32,376 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Bob Brown Buick GMC (97 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Ankeny, IA / 97 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    CARFAX One-Owner.AWD, ABS brakes, Active Cruise Control, Alloy wheels, Compass, DVD-Audio, Electronic Stability Control, Front Bucket Seats, Front Cen...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHC5LFF8K5006144
    Stock: A006144
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • New Listing
    $48,988
    great price
    $7,022 below market
    • 50,029 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 18 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Naperville (182 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Naperville, IL / 182 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    ** Hand Selected, Meticulously Inspected, Thoroughly Reconditioned L/Certified by Lexus ** Unlimited Mileage Warranty for 2 Years ** Factory Recommend...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHC5LFF7K5007155
    Stock: 250798B
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-25-2025

  • New Listing
    • 43,738 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 692 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHB51FF3K5007024
    Stock: 2003767827
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • New Listing
    $55,985
    fair price
    $1,421 below market
    • 35,535 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 17 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Germain Lexus of Dublin (468 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Dublin, OH / 468 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    L/CERTIFIED 2021 LEXUS LS 500 WITH A PERFECT 1-OWNER CARFAX!!! *12.3" NAVIGATION SYSTEM *INTERIOR UPGRADE PACKAGE W/ QUILTED SEMI-ANILINE LE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHD51GF8M5008910
    Stock: 54762A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

  • $32,750
    good price
    $2,489 below market
    • 100,659 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 19 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Lexus of Rockford (142 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Loves Park, IL / 142 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHB51FF1K5007149
    Stock: U007149
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-10-2024

  • $52,777
    fair price
    $940 above market
    • 55,335 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 17 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Woodfield Lexus (187 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Schaumburg, IL / 187 miles away from Cedar Rapids, IA

    **ADDITIONAL 2 YEARS/UNLIMITED MILE COMPREHENSIVE WARRANTY AND COMPLIMENTARY MAINTENANCE**, ** Local Trade**, **Lexus Safety System Plus**, ** Lane De...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (17 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JTHD51GF3M5008636
    Stock: 241399B
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-22-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 73 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Lexus LS 500

Read recent reviews for the Lexus LS 500
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars31 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 31 reviews
  • 5 star
    (55%)
  • 4 star
    (19%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (3%)
  • 1 star
    (13%)
5 out of 5 stars

Love mt 2018 LS500 AWD

BJOSE, 03/23/2019
2018 Lexus LS 500 4dr Sedan AWD (3.5L 6cyl Turbo 10A)
Awesome car. I moved from a 2016 GS350. what a difference in interior quality! LS500 is undoubtedly leaps above the GS. Don't get me wrong... GS is a great car in its own class. But the LS is a much better car. I was thinking of BMW 540 and Benz E450. in the end, when I test drove those vs the LS500, I realized that I love the LS better than the other 2. and the peace of mind that comes … with lexus ownership was priceless. The LS500 is a great and beautiful car. ride is very comfy. acceleration is sneaky fast. you will hit 80mph before you will know it. Love it!
Report abuse

Used 2019 Lexus LS 500 in Cedar Rapids, IA Values

Estimated values
2019 Lexus LS 500 4dr Sedan AWD (3.5L 6cyl Turbo 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$38,247$40,981$43,437
Clean$37,141$39,751$42,085
Average$35,299$37,701$39,832
Rough$32,904$35,035$36,902

The average list price of a used 2019 Lexus LS 500 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa is $44,818. The average mileage on a used Lexus LS 500 2019 for sale in Cedar Rapids, Iowa is 55,793. Based on the average mileage of 55,793 for used 2019 Lexus LS 500 for sale in Cedar Rapids, IA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Lexus LS 500 2019 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa to be $35,299.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.