Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
256 listings
  • New Listing
    $18,898
    fair price
    $620 below market
    • 35,989 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Mercedes-Benz of Buckhead (15 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 15 miles away from Roswell, GA

    Nano Gray Metallic exterior and Black interior. Heated Leather Seats, Moonroof, Dual Zone A/C, CD Player, Bluetooth®, Back-Up Camera, Satellite Radio,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUAUGFF6J1070950
    Stock: J1070950
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,990
    fair price
    $640 below market
    • 70,967 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Atlanta (18 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 18 miles away from Roswell, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUJ8GFF6J1046328
    Stock: 2003948915
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-31-2025

    • 97,180 miles
    • 3 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Jacky Jones Imports (74 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Hayesville, NC / 74 miles away from Roswell, GA

    Buckle up and get ready to hit the road in style with this sleek and sophisticated Not Specified 2018 Audi A3! This car is more than just a set of whe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUAUGFF4J1082739
    Stock: C318
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Appraise
    my car

    Get the Edmunds appraisal report and a no-obligation offer for your car

    See my car’s value
  • $13,875
    great price
    $2,166 below market
    • 101,089 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • OG Automotive (12 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Duluth, GA / 12 miles away from Roswell, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUAUGFF3K1011064
    Stock: 011064
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 59,655 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Atlanta (18 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 18 miles away from Roswell, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUAUGFF2K1015283
    Stock: 2003805132
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • New Listing
    $17,500
    fair price
    $621 below market
    • 46,755 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Atlanta Auto Ventures (2 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Roswell, GA / 2 miles away from Roswell, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUB8GFF7H1029486
    Stock: NEW:029486
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $11,392
    good price
    $1,735 below market
    • 82,885 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 23 City / 33 Hwy MPG
    • Gravity Autos Roswell (1 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Roswell, GA / 1 miles away from Roswell, GA

    LOADED 1.8T PREMIUM! FLORETT SILVER METALLIC PAINT, REAR SIDE AIRBAGS & MORE!Black w/Leather Seating Surfaces, 10 Speakers, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUA7GFF7G1066910
    Stock: X066910
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

    • 69,421 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 721 miles away from Roswell, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUB8GFF5J1042985
    Stock: 2003821052
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $14,495
    good price
    $1,600 below market
    • 70,300 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • United BMW CPO Sales & Service (2 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Roswell, GA / 2 miles away from Roswell, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUAUGFF0J1032209
    Stock: R47619A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-25-2025

  • $19,795
    good price
    $544 below market
    • 78,999 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • CarZone (31 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Conyers, GA / 31 miles away from Roswell, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAU6ULFF5J1002248
    Stock: J1002248
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-14-2024

  • Price Drop
    $21,998
    fair price
    $967 above market
    • 29,127 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 342 miles away from Roswell, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUB8GFF0J1045244
    Stock: 27723855
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $19,998
    fair price
    $247 above market
    • 33,607 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Palmdale, CA / 1,919 miles away from Roswell, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUAUGFF1J1026015
    Stock: 27562216
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $19,998
    fair price
    $592 above market
    • 76,055 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NY to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Rochester, NY / 722 miles away from Roswell, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUJ8HFF2J1039365
    Stock: 27233505
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $21,990
    fair price
    $1,178 above market
    • 47,808 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 350 miles away from Roswell, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUJ8GFF8J1014805
    Stock: 2003949096
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-19-2025

  • New Listing
    $22,590
    fair price
    $1,088 above market
    • 56,627 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 1,932 miles away from Roswell, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUJ8GFF7J1080844
    Stock: 2003948437
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    $19,998
    fair price
    $817 below market
    • 18,961 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to GA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Burbank, CA / 1,933 miles away from Roswell, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUAUGFF8J1079519
    Stock: 27561603
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $21,500
    fair price
    $487 above market
    • 43,406 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 26 City / 35 Hwy MPG
    • Chipley Auto Sales (86 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Pine Mountain, GA / 86 miles away from Roswell, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    29 Combined MPG (26 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUGUGFFXJ1039162
    Stock: 13022
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $24,590
    fair price
    $137 above market
    • 34,168 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,074 miles away from Roswell, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUJ8GFF3J1029177
    Stock: 2003969188
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-20-2025

  • Price Drop
    $22,590
    fair price
    $879 above market
    • 40,950 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 24 City / 31 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 409 miles away from Roswell, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (24 City/31 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUJ8GFF5J1045901
    Stock: 2003933267
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 40,749 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automated manual
    • Nalley Volkswagen of Alpharetta (2 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Alpharetta, GA / 2 miles away from Roswell, GA

    RECALL NOTICE: Some vehicles offered for sale may be subject to unrepaired manufacturer safety recalls. To determine the recall status of a vehicle, v...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUY8LFF9G1063401
    Stock: NVA250272B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 56,761 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 27 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Buford (21 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Buford, GA / 21 miles away from Roswell, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUAUGFF9LA105421
    Stock: 27659303
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 256 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Audi A3

Read recent reviews for the Audi A3
Overall Consumer Rating
4.3 out of 5 stars39 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 39 reviews
  • 5 star
    (72%)
  • 4 star
    (3%)
  • 3 star
    (10%)
  • 2 star
    (10%)
  • 1 star
    (5%)
5 out of 5 stars

The best damn little car I ever had!

Glenn Tanner, 03/31/2017
2017 Audi A3 2.0 TFSI Premium Plus quattro 4dr Sedan AWD (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 6AM)
If you want to turn heads, a great ride, and affordability, this is the car for you. When I say great ride, I mean great ride. It hugs the road. It's almost as if the car is saying, "Let me show you what I can do". I was on the highway one afternoon, and the engine was purring like a much contented cat, when I glanced at the tach, and it was around 2000rpms. Then, I looked over to the … speedometer, and I doing close to 90mph. It' just that smooth. Of course I slowed down, but jeez! Curves, cake. Passing, let's go. When you get in, you feel pampered, but not overwhelmed. The controls and appointments are laid out in a pleasing and thoughtful manner. Yes, the trunk is small, but are you really going to throw 100 pounds of mulch back there? Didn't think so. I looked at the Mercedes CLA-4 MATIC, and the Cadillac ATS, but neither came close. If you like to drive as much as I do, drive the Audi A3.
Report abuse

Used 2018 Audi A3 in Roswell, GA Values

Estimated values
2018 Audi A3 2.0 TFSI Premium 4dr Sedan w/Prod. End 6/18 (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 7AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$11,551$14,497$16,919
Clean$11,223$14,076$16,418
Average$10,677$13,375$15,583
Rough$9,966$12,464$14,497

The average list price of a used 2018 Audi A3 in Roswell, Georgia is $19,225. The average mileage on a used Audi A3 2018 for sale in Roswell, Georgia is 56,736. Based on the average mileage of 56,736 for used 2018 Audi A3 for sale in Roswell, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Audi A3 2018 in Roswell, Georgia to be $10,677.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.