Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,406 listings

Save with BMW X5 rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

  • $26,990
    great price
    $2,823 below market
    • 63,786 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Elite Mitsubishi (91 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jamaica, NY / 91 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    Advertised price does not include tax, title, license inspection, finance charges, lender fees (if applicable). To take advantage of advertised pricin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C09LLL75212
    Stock: EU1588
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 73,919 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • New York Auto Depot (72 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Buchanan, NY / 72 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C57KLL63795
    Stock: NNL63795
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $32,195
    great price
    $8,348 below market
    • 82,091 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Champion of Paterson (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Paterson, NJ / 95 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXJU4C0XL9B36214
    Stock: B36214
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 55,224 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Champion Auto Sales 2 (101 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Newark, NJ / 101 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C51KLL22160
    Stock: L22160
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $19,600
    great price
    $5,796 below market
    • 89,878 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • G Motors USA (179 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Waterford Works, NJ / 179 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR4C07L9B09062
    Stock: WNB09062
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $47,255
    good price
    $3,053 below market
    • 33,625 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Audi Shrewsbury (64 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Shrewsbury, MA / 64 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    Experience the Thrill of the Road with the 2020 BMW X5 M50i: Power, Precision, and Luxury in Every DriveStep into the realm of luxury and performan...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXJU4C06L9D06018
    Stock: AU3107
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

    • 97,575 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • New York Auto Depot (72 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Buchanan, NY / 72 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C54KLL13890
    Stock: NNL13890
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $23,980
    good price
    $3,427 below market
    • 74,420 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Jake Sweeney Express (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 642 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    Navigation, Moonroof, Heated Seats, Power Liftgate, All Wheel Drive, Aluminum Wheels, Turbo Charged, Panoramic Roof.KEY FEATURES INCLUDENavigation, Su...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C57J0Y06021
    Stock: B77387
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 64,099 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 14 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Certified Performance Motors (90 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Valley Stream, NY / 90 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    We re committed to transparent pricing and a hassle-free buying experience please review the details below.All pricing excludes taxes, fees, dealer-in...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (23 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKT0C53J0W00499
    Stock: M17352
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

  • New Listing
    $23,500
    good price
    $2,470 below market
    • 71,036 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Trend Auto Motors (187 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Malvern, PA / 187 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    VERY CLEAN VEHICLE... We are a Carfax Authorized Dealership and every car we sell comes with a free Carfax History Report. We Receive fresh inventory ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C5XJ0X97167
    Stock: X97167
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $15,299
    good price
    $1,416 below market
    • 125,163 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Vix Auto Sales (57 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Worcester, MA / 57 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C59J0X91831
    Stock: X91831
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-18-2025

  • New Listing
    $18,990
    good price
    $1,575 below market
    • 88,920 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Bourne's Auto Center (86 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in South Easton, MA / 86 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    Bourne's Auto Center has been recognized as the DealerRater Dealer of the Year in 2023, 2020, 2018, and 2015. We have also received the DealerRater Co...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C59JL072867
    Stock: 86145TC
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-18-2025

    • 78,313 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • NY Auto Find (82 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Massapequa, NY / 82 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C57KLL39500
    Stock: 4050
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $25,985
    good price
    $1,807 below market
    • 77,828 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Fast Track Motors (94 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Paterson, NJ / 94 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    2020 BMW X5!!! XDRIVE40I!!! TURBOCHARGED 3.0L!!! ALL WHEEL DRIVE!!! CLEAN CARFAX!!! LEATHER INTERIOR...HEATED SEATS...POWER SEATS...MEMORY SEATS...REA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXCR6C05L9B61852
    Stock: FT07811
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-03-2025

  • New Listing
    $6,995
    good price
    $840 below market
    • 151,020 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • KRG Motorsport (107 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Goffstown, NH / 107 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    Put Disclamer Here

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXZV4C52CL758091
    Stock: 758091
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-01-2025

  • New Listing
    $7,491
    fair price
    $586 below market
    • 144,560 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Straight Motor Sales (95 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Paterson, NJ / 95 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXZV4C56CL753489
    Stock: 753489
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-23-2024

  • New Listing
    $15,995
    good price
    $1,264 below market
    • 96,938 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Crazy Cars Hillside (107 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hillside, NJ / 107 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    Welcome to Crazy Cars! Looking for a Used Car? Let Crazy Cars show you how to find a quality Used Car. Our friendly and knowledgeable staff can help y...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C54JL075790
    Stock: 075790
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $19,115
    good price
    $1,550 below market
    • 81,681 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of Peabody (106 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Peabody, MA / 106 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    Pre-Owned 2018 BMW X5 xDrive35i - Alpine White - Clean CARFAXExperience luxurious comfort and capable performance with this Pre-Owned 2018 BMW X5 xDri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C5XJL075647
    Stock: BU16864A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • New Listing
    $19,999
    good price
    $1,120 below market
    • 86,747 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Auto House of Southington (15 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plantsville, CT / 15 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C5XJL075812
    Stock: 075812
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

  • New Listing
    • 64,544 miles
    • 14 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 23 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Certified Auto Group (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hempstead, NY / 84 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    We re committed to transparent pricing and a hassle-free buying experience please review the details below.All pricing excludes taxes, fees, dealer-in...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (23 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKT0C53J0988499
    Stock: AUTOM1577352
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-16-2025

  • New Listing
    $23,270
    good price
    $2,058 below market
    • 57,702 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Gengras Honda of Rutland (131 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Rutland, VT / 131 miles away from Wethersfield, CT

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 5UXKR0C50J0X92690
    Stock: W92690
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-03-2025

Showing 547 - 567 out of 2,406 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW X5

Read recent reviews for the BMW X5
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (53%)
  • 4 star
    (22%)
  • 3 star
    (9%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (9%)
5 out of 5 stars

65,000 Miles and Still loving it!

MK Jubiladosan, 08/04/2018
2015 BMW X5 xDrive35d 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbodiesel 8A)
This is without a doubt the most solidly engineered and all around best vehicle I've ever owned. It exudes quality of build everyplace you look. I'm a diesel fan so I've owned diesel cars and SUV's in the past but I never realized until owning this car that the short coming of those past vehicles was to a large degree the under designed transmissions that they were equipped with. In … this vehicle the diesel engine and 8 speed transmission are impeccably matched. The transmission allows the engine to work at it's most efficient torque level / RPM at all speeds thereby rendering phenomenal fuel economy for a 5,000 + Lb. vehicle. I'm talking 32 to 34 MPG on the highway consistantly at 70 to 75 MPH (around 1700 RPM - Just Incredible...). At the time of this writing I'm in the middle of a cross country road trip (5000 mi. so far) from Florida to Oregon and I can tell you that the comfort and drivability of the X5 35D make long trips something to look forward to. Don't just drive this one back and forth to the grocery store. Take her out and stretch her legs on a long road trip and you'll be glad you did. Oh, I forgot to mention that with it's 22.5 ga. fuel capacity and more than 650 mile highway range you can drive pretty much all day without stopping for fuel. Yes there are a few shortcomings, but they are few. I find that German cars are typically behind the 8 ball when it comes to entertainment system electronics. Bluetooth is a bit quirky. There's no Apple Play in this 2015 model but I believe that's been addressed in later models. The Nav is great but the "Points of Interest" database is sorely lacking. Being a Floridian I notice that the A/C could be a little more robust for my tastes but it's not a deal killer. I bought the 100,000 mi. Bumper to Bumper extended warranty and I'm glad I did because I'm thinking that I'll drive the wheels off this one.
Report abuse

Used 2020 BMW X5 in Wethersfield, CT Values

Estimated values
2020 BMW X5 xDrive40i 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$25,109$27,588$29,972
Clean$24,652$27,084$29,420
Average$23,890$26,242$28,501
Rough$22,900$25,148$27,306

The average list price of a used 2020 BMW X5 in Wethersfield, Connecticut is $22,928. The average mileage on a used BMW X5 2020 for sale in Wethersfield, Connecticut is 83,765. Based on the average mileage of 83,765 for used 2020 BMW X5 for sale in Wethersfield, CT and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW X5 2020 in Wethersfield, Connecticut to be $23,890.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.