Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
157 listings
  • Price Drop
    • 89,758 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • First National Auto (8 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Seattle, WA / 8 miles away from Bothell, WA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1J7C52EV253278
    Stock: 27078
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-21-2025

    • 121,380 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • West Coast Auto Works - Everett (8 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Everett, WA / 8 miles away from Bothell, WA

    WCA is offering this Don't miss out! Contact us today to schedule a test drive or for more information. ďż˝ WEST COAST AUTOWORKS 425-320-5555 ďż˝ 1...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1J7C51EVW84176
    Stock: 12083
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

  • $23,910
    good price
    $898 below market
    • 53,085 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Audi Bellevue (12 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bellevue, WA / 12 miles away from Bothell, WA

    Premium PackageTechnology PackageBlack; Dakota Leather UpholsteryDriver Assistance PackageHarman/Kardon Surround Sound SystemCold Weather Package...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1J9C53FVX99388
    Stock: FVX99388
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

  • $13,751
    fair price
    $1,550 below market
    • 84,021 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carr Subaru (161 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Beaverton, OR / 161 miles away from Bothell, WA

    Carr Subaru offers Cars, Trucks, and SUVs Serving customers in Portland, Beaverton, and Hillsboro. Bad credit, no credit, bankruptcy or have an ITIN w...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1K7C54FV235427
    Stock: SP3075
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-25-2025

    • 42,807 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • BMW of Bellevue (11 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Bellevue, WA / 11 miles away from Bothell, WA

    Terra; Dakota Leather UpholsteryEstoril Blue MetallicSun/MoonroofLeather SeatsKeyless StartRear SpoilerThis vehicle includes a Money-Back Guar...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1J9C54FVX98816
    Stock: FVX98816
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-23-2025

  • New Listing
    • 59,817 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Sports Cars International - Lynnwood North (5 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 5 miles away from Bothell, WA

    Experience the thrill of open-air driving with the 2015 BMW 2 Series M235i Convertible, a vehicle that perfectly blends performance and luxury. This s...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1M1C52FV393689
    Stock: 22046
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

  • $16,998
    fair price
    $474 below market
    • 60,111 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Heartland Toyota (27 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Bremerton, WA / 27 miles away from Bothell, WA

    Heartland Toyota is delighted to offer this gorgeous 2016 BMW 2 Series 228i. Mineral Grey Metallic RWD23/34 City/Highway MPGAt Heartland Toyota, we of...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1K9C58GV322986
    Stock: TT11053B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-04-2025

  • New Listing
    • 30,468 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 1,882 miles away from Bothell, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1J7C50EVW84394
    Stock: 2003833072
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

  • $23,590
    fair price
    $1,009 above market
    • 51,020 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Nashville, TN / 1,967 miles away from Bothell, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (22 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1J7C53EVX33619
    Stock: 2003559539
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-15-2025

  • New Listing
    • 36,193 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Portland (159 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 159 miles away from Bothell, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1F9C59GV544165
    Stock: 2003753559
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-24-2025

    • 82,771 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • First National Auto (8 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Seattle, WA / 8 miles away from Bothell, WA

    SPOTLESS CARFAX HISTORY, WEST COAST OWNED, DOCUMENTED SERVICE RECORDS, Aerodynamic Kit, Alum Hexagon Trim w/Estoril Blue Matte Highlight, Ambient Ligh...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1K9C56GV710766
    Stock: 27243
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

    • 66,748 miles
    • No accidents, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Seattle Finest Motors (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 5 miles away from Bothell, WA

    Boasting a rich lineage of performance and spot-on quality, our 2016 BMW 2 Series 228i xDrive Coupe is a knockout in Alpine White! Motivated by a Turb...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1G9C59GV599728
    Stock: FN599728
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 35,447 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Portland (159 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 159 miles away from Bothell, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1F9C59GV545865
    Stock: 2003818887
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-16-2025

    • 82,013 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from AL to WA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Hoover, AL / 2,083 miles away from Bothell, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (23 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1F5C55EV255810
    Stock: 27489171
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    • 71,250 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • BMW of Tri-Cities (174 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Richland, WA / 174 miles away from Bothell, WA

    Look at this 2016 BMW 2 Series 228i xDrive. Its Automatic transmission and Intercooled Turbo Premium Unleaded I-4 2.0 L/122 engine will keep you going...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/35 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1G9C50GV726382
    Stock: BX5125
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-15-2024

  • New Listing
    • 39,534 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to WA*
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Gastonia, NC / 2,261 miles away from Bothell, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (23 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1F5C50EV255911
    Stock: 27557959
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $18,950
    good price
    $2,517 below market
    • 74,516 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Imperium Auto Group NW (26 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Kent, WA / 26 miles away from Bothell, WA

    2015 BMW M235i With 74k Miles. Clean Title, Clean Carfax, No Reported Accidents, 2 Owners, Financing Options Available, Harmon Kardon Sound, Back Up C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1J7C57FV358299
    Stock: 8299
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-21-2025

  • $16,680
    fair price
    $1,493 below market
    • 86,024 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • BMW of Bellevue (11 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Bellevue, WA / 11 miles away from Bothell, WA

    Estoril Blue MetallicKeyless StartConvertible Soft TopThis vehicle includes a Money-Back Guarantee* and passed our precise inspection process. Be...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    27 Combined MPG (23 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA2K9C56HV647075
    Stock: HV647075
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-05-2025

  • New Listing
    $18,995
    good price
    $1,194 below market
    • 88,700 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Auto Connections Of Bellevue (12 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Bellevue, WA / 12 miles away from Bothell, WA

    * WOW - HARD TO FIND M235i x/DRIVE COUPE WITH ONLY 88K ORIGINAL MILES! * LOCAL 2-OWNER * ALL WHEEL DRIVE * SQUEAKY CLEAN CARFAX * SUPER NICE INSIDE AN...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (20 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1J9C54FVX99173
    Stock: S20842
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-05-2025

  • New Listing
    $17,950
    good price
    $1,587 below market
    • 95,697 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Imperium Auto Group NW (26 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Kent, WA / 26 miles away from Bothell, WA

    2015 BMW M235i With 95k Miles. Clean Title, Clean Carfax, No Accidents Reported, Financing Options Available, Back up Camera, Harmon Kardon Sound ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1J7C52FV253783
    Stock: 3783
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

  • New Listing
    $22,583
    fair price
    $1,307 below market
    • 32,294 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Acura of Seattle (23 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Tukwila, WA / 23 miles away from Bothell, WA

    2015 BMW 2 Series M235i Mineral White Metallic RWD I6 8-Speed Sport Automatic with Shift Paddles2 Series M 235i, Advanced Real-Time Traffic Informatio...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WBA1M1C59FV393298
    Stock: CB030
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-14-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 157 listings

Consumer Reviews for the BMW 2 Series

Read recent reviews for the BMW 2 Series
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars7 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 7 reviews
  • 5 star
    (57%)
  • 4 star
    (29%)
  • 3 star
    (14%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Great fun to drive. Maximum torque at 1,450 rpm!!

Tony, 11/29/2018
2014 BMW 2 Series 228i 2dr Coupe (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A)
Great response and nimble handling. My favorite BMW after 20 years driving 5 series and 328. Bought it three years old 2017, have put 30,000 miles on ot. Still a delight to drive. Only repair an indicator bulb at $8. Only negative is that some of the interior trim seems a little fragile eg sun visors, and one of the passenger power seat mechanisms is not responding. Did not extend … warranty, and feel justified. Plenty of power for my needs. Like the fold down rear seats for carrying bikes etc. Rear seat room fine for people less than 6 feet tall. Highly recommended. Five years now and still very happy with the 2 Series
Report abuse

Used 2014 BMW 2 Series in Bothell, WA Values

Estimated values
2014 BMW 2 Series M235i 2dr Coupe (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$13,635$16,128$17,653
Clean$12,928$15,259$16,666
Average$11,749$13,810$15,020
Rough$10,217$11,926$12,881

The average list price of a used 2014 BMW 2 Series in Bothell, Washington is $19,657. The average mileage on a used BMW 2 Series 2014 for sale in Bothell, Washington is 65,888. Based on the average mileage of 65,888 for used 2014 BMW 2 Series for sale in Bothell, WA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used BMW 2 Series 2014 in Bothell, Washington to be $11,749.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.